diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog index 4989f91..ce3d948 100644 --- a/ChangeLog +++ b/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,15 @@ +2012-07-01 Bruno Haible + + Remove distributed built files from version control. + * doc/.gitignore: New file. + * doc/gperf.info: Remove file. + * doc/gperf.dvi: Remove file. + * doc/gperf.ps: Remove file. + * doc/gperf.pdf: Remove file. + * doc/gperf.html: Remove file. + * doc/gperf_toc.html, doc/gperf_[0-9].html, doc/gperf_[0-9][0-9].html: + Remove files. + 2012-07-01 Bruno Haible Allow editor backup files in git checkouts. diff --git a/doc/.gitignore b/doc/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c84fac8 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +# Files generated by "make", using makeinfo, texi2html, perl +# and therefore distributed (i.e. kept by "make distclean"). +# Same as DISTRIBUTED_BUILT_FILES in Makefile.in. +/gperf.info +/gperf.dvi +/gperf.ps +/gperf.pdf +/gperf.html +/gperf_toc.html +/gperf_[0-9].html +/gperf_[0-9][0-9].html + diff --git a/doc/gperf.dvi b/doc/gperf.dvi deleted file mode 100644 index 46a0696..0000000 Binary files a/doc/gperf.dvi and /dev/null differ diff --git a/doc/gperf.html b/doc/gperf.html deleted file mode 100644 index bc964f9..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2482 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Perfect Hash Function Generator - - -

User's Guide to gperf 3.1

-

The GNU Perfect Hash Function Generator

-

Edition 3.1, 20 December 2009

-
Douglas C. Schmidt
-
Bruno Haible
-

-

-

Table of Contents

- -

- -

-Copyright (C) 1989-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - -

- -

-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of -this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice -are preserved on all copies. - -

-

-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this -manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the -section entitled “GNU General Public License” is included -exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting -derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice -identical to this one. - -

-

-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual -into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, -except that the section entitled “GNU General Public License” may be -included in a translation approved by the author instead of in the -original English. - -

- - - -

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

-

-Version 3, 29 June 2007 - -

- - -
-Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. http://fsf.org/
-
-Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
-license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-
- - -

1.0 Preamble

- -

-The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for -software and other kinds of works. - -

-

-The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed -to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, -the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom -to share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains -free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, -use the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it -applies also to any other work released this way by its authors. You -can apply it to your programs, too. - -

-

-When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not -price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you -have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for -them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you -want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new -free programs, and that you know you can do these things. - -

-

-To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you -these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you -have certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the -software, or if you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom -of others. - -

-

-For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether -gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same -freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, -receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these -terms so they know their rights. - -

-

-Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: -(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License -giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it. - -

-

-For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains -that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and -authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as -changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to -authors of previous versions. - -

-

-Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run -modified versions of the software inside them, although the -manufacturer can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the -aim of protecting users' freedom to change the software. The -systematic pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for -individuals to use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. -Therefore, we have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the -practice for those products. If such problems arise substantially in -other domains, we stand ready to extend this provision to those -domains in future versions of the GPL, as needed to protect the -freedom of users. - -

-

-Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents. -States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of -software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish -to avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program -could make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL -assures that patents cannot be used to render the program non-free. - -

-

-The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and -modification follow. - -

- -

1.1 TERMS AND CONDITIONS

- - -
    -
  1. Definitions. - -“This License” refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License. - -“Copyright” also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds -of works, such as semiconductor masks. - -“The Program” refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this -License. Each licensee is addressed as “you”. “Licensees” and -“recipients” may be individuals or organizations. - -To “modify” a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work -in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of -an exact copy. The resulting work is called a “modified version” of -the earlier work or a work “based on” the earlier work. - -A “covered work” means either the unmodified Program or a work based -on the Program. - -To “propagate” a work means to do anything with it that, without -permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for -infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a -computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, -distribution (with or without modification), making available to the -public, and in some countries other activities as well. - -To “convey” a work means any kind of propagation that enables other -parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user -through a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not -conveying. - -An interactive user interface displays “Appropriate Legal Notices” to -the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible -feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2) -tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the -extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the -work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If -the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a -menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion. - -
  2. Source Code. - -The “source code” for a work means the preferred form of the work for -making modifications to it. “Object code” means any non-source form -of a work. - -A “Standard Interface” means an interface that either is an official -standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of -interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that -is widely used among developers working in that language. - -The “System Libraries” of an executable work include anything, other -than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of -packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major -Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that -Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an -implementation is available to the public in source code form. A -“Major Component”, in this context, means a major essential component -(kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system -(if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to -produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it. - -The “Corresponding Source” for a work in object code form means all -the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable -work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to -control those activities. However, it does not include the work's -System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free -programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but -which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source -includes interface definition files associated with source files for -the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically -linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require, -such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those -subprograms and other parts of the work. - -The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can -regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding Source. - -The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that same -work. - -
  3. Basic Permissions. - -All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of -copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated -conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited -permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a -covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its -content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your -rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law. - -You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not convey, -without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains in force. -You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose of having -them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you with -facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with the -terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do not -control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works for -you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction and -control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of your -copyrighted material outside their relationship with you. - -Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under the -conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10 -makes it unnecessary. - -
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  5. Conveying Verbatim Copies. - -You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you -receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and -appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; -keep intact all notices stating that this License and any -non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code; -keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all -recipients a copy of this License along with the Program. - -You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, -and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee. - -
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  8. Additional Terms. - -“Additional permissions” are terms that supplement the terms of this -License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. -Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall -be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent -that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions -apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately -under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by -this License without regard to the additional permissions. - -When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option -remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of -it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own -removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place -additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, -for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission. - -Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you -add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders -of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms: - - -
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    - -All other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further -restrictions” within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you -received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is -governed by this License along with a term that is a further -restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains -a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this -License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms -of that license document, provided that the further restriction does -not survive such relicensing or conveying. - -If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you -must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the -additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating -where to find the applicable terms. - -Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the -form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the -above requirements apply either way. - -
  9. Termination. - -You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly -provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or -modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under -this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third -paragraph of section 11). - -However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license -from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, -unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally -terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder -fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to -60 days after the cessation. - -Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is -reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the -violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have -received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that -copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after -your receipt of the notice. - -Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the -licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under -this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently -reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same -material under section 10. - -
  10. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies. - -You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run -a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work -occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission -to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, -nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or -modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do -not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a -covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so. - -
  11. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients. - -Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically -receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and -propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible -for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License. - -An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an -organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an -organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered -work results from an entity transaction, each party to that -transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever -licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could -give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the -Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if -the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts. - -You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the -rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may -not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of -rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation -(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that -any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for -sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it. - -
  12. Patents. - -A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this -License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The -work thus licensed is called the contributor's “contributor version”. - -A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned -or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or -hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted -by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, -but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a -consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For -purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant -patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of -this License. - -Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free -patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to -make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and -propagate the contents of its contributor version. - -In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express -agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent -(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to -sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a -party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a -patent against the party. - -If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, -and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone -to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a -publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, -then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so -available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the -patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner -consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent -license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have -actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the -covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work -in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that -country that you have reason to believe are valid. - -If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or -arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a -covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties -receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify -or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license -you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered -work and works based on it. - -A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within the -scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on -the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically -granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you -are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the -business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the -third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the -work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties -who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent -license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by -you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in -connection with specific products or compilations that contain the -covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent -license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007. - -Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting -any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may -otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law. - -
  13. No Surrender of Others' Freedom. - -If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or -otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not -excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey -a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under -this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a -consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree -to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying -from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could -satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely -from conveying the Program. - -
  14. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License. - -Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have -permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed -under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single -combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this -License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, -but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, -section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the -combination as such. - -
  15. Revised Versions of this License. - -The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions -of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new -versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may -differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. - -Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program -specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public -License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of -following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or -of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If -the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General -Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free -Software Foundation. - -If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions -of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public -statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to -choose that version for the Program. - -Later license versions may give you additional or different -permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any -author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a -later version. - -
  16. Disclaimer of Warranty. - -THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY -APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT -HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT -WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT -LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR -A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND -PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE -DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR -CORRECTION. - -
  17. Limitation of Liability. - -IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING -WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR -CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, -INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES -ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT -NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR -LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM -TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER -PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. - -
  18. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. - -If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided -above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, -reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates -an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the -Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a -copy of the Program in return for a fee. - -
- - -

1.2 END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

- - -

1.3 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

- -

-If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest -possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it -free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these -terms. - -

-

-To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest -to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively -state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least -the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. - -

- -
-one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.
-Copyright (C) year name of author
-
-This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
-your option) any later version.
-
-This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
-WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
-General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
-
- -

-Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. - -

-

-If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short -notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: - -

- -
-program Copyright (C) year name of author
-This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’.
-This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
-under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.
-
- -

-The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show -the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your -program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would -use an “about box”. - -

-

-You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, -if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. -For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see -http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. - -

-

-The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your -program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine -library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary -applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use -the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But -first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html. - -

- - -

Contributors to GNU gperf Utility

- - - - - - -

2 Introduction

- -

-gperf is a perfect hash function generator written in C++. It -transforms an n element user-specified keyword set W into a -perfect hash function F. F uniquely maps keywords in -W onto the range 0..k, where k >= n-1. If k -= n-1 then F is a minimal perfect hash function. -gperf generates a 0..k element static lookup table and a -pair of C functions. These functions determine whether a given -character string s occurs in W, using at most one probe into -the lookup table. - -

-

-gperf currently generates the reserved keyword recognizer for -lexical analyzers in several production and research compilers and -language processing tools, including GNU C, GNU C++, GNU Java, GNU Pascal, -GNU Modula 3, and GNU indent. Complete C++ source code for gperf is -available from http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/gperf/. -A paper describing gperf's design and implementation in greater -detail is available in the Second USENIX C++ Conference proceedings -or from http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/resume.html. - -

- - -

3 Static search structures and GNU gperf

-

- - -

-

-A static search structure is an Abstract Data Type with certain -fundamental operations, e.g., initialize, insert, -and retrieve. Conceptually, all insertions occur before any -retrievals. In practice, gperf generates a static array -containing search set keywords and any associated attributes specified -by the user. Thus, there is essentially no execution-time cost for the -insertions. It is a useful data structure for representing static -search sets. Static search sets occur frequently in software system -applications. Typical static search sets include compiler reserved -words, assembler instruction opcodes, and built-in shell interpreter -commands. Search set members, called keywords, are inserted into -the structure only once, usually during program initialization, and are -not generally modified at run-time. - -

-

-Numerous static search structure implementations exist, e.g., -arrays, linked lists, binary search trees, digital search tries, and -hash tables. Different approaches offer trade-offs between space -utilization and search time efficiency. For example, an n element -sorted array is space efficient, though the average-case time -complexity for retrieval operations using binary search is -proportional to log n. Conversely, hash table implementations -often locate a table entry in constant time, but typically impose -additional memory overhead and exhibit poor worst case performance. - -

-

- -Minimal perfect hash functions provide an optimal solution for a -particular class of static search sets. A minimal perfect hash -function is defined by two properties: - -

- - - -

-For most applications it is far easier to generate perfect hash -functions than minimal perfect hash functions. Moreover, -non-minimal perfect hash functions frequently execute faster than -minimal ones in practice. This phenomena occurs since searching a -sparse keyword table increases the probability of locating a “null” -entry, thereby reducing string comparisons. gperf's default -behavior generates near-minimal perfect hash functions for -keyword sets. However, gperf provides many options that permit -user control over the degree of minimality and perfection. - -

-

-Static search sets often exhibit relative stability over time. For -example, Ada's 63 reserved words have remained constant for nearly a -decade. It is therefore frequently worthwhile to expend concerted -effort building an optimal search structure once, if it -subsequently receives heavy use multiple times. gperf removes -the drudgery associated with constructing time- and space-efficient -search structures by hand. It has proven a useful and practical tool -for serious programming projects. Output from gperf is currently -used in several production and research compilers, including GNU C, GNU -C++, GNU Java, GNU Pascal, and GNU Modula 3. The latter two compilers are -not yet part of the official GNU distribution. Each compiler utilizes -gperf to automatically generate static search structures that -efficiently identify their respective reserved keywords. - -

- - -

4 High-Level Description of GNU gperf

- -

-The perfect hash function generator gperf reads a set of -“keywords” from an input file (or from the standard input by -default). It attempts to derive a perfect hashing function that -recognizes a member of the static keyword set with at most a -single probe into the lookup table. If gperf succeeds in -generating such a function it produces a pair of C source code routines -that perform hashing and table lookup recognition. All generated C code -is directed to the standard output. Command-line options described -below allow you to modify the input and output format to gperf. - -

-

-By default, gperf attempts to produce time-efficient code, with -less emphasis on efficient space utilization. However, several options -exist that permit trading-off execution time for storage space and vice -versa. In particular, expanding the generated table size produces a -sparse search structure, generally yielding faster searches. -Conversely, you can direct gperf to utilize a C switch -statement scheme that minimizes data space storage size. Furthermore, -using a C switch may actually speed up the keyword retrieval time -somewhat. Actual results depend on your C compiler, of course. - -

-

-In general, gperf assigns values to the bytes it is using -for hashing until some set of values gives each keyword a unique value. -A helpful heuristic is that the larger the hash value range, the easier -it is for gperf to find and generate a perfect hash function. -Experimentation is the key to getting the most from gperf. - -

- - -

4.1 Input Format to gperf

-

- - - - -You can control the input file format by varying certain command-line -arguments, in particular the ‘-t’ option. The input's appearance -is similar to GNU utilities flex and bison (or UNIX -utilities lex and yacc). Here's an outline of the general -format: - -

- -
-declarations
-%%
-keywords
-%%
-functions
-
- -

-Unlike flex or bison, the declarations section and -the functions section are optional. The following sections describe the -input format for each section. - -

- -

-It is possible to omit the declaration section entirely, if the ‘-t’ -option is not given. In this case the input file begins directly with the -first keyword line, e.g.: - -

- -
-january
-february
-march
-april
-...
-
- - - -

4.1.1 Declarations

- -

-The keyword input file optionally contains a section for including -arbitrary C declarations and definitions, gperf declarations that -act like command-line options, as well as for providing a user-supplied -struct. - -

- - - -

4.1.1.1 User-supplied struct

- -

-If the ‘-t’ option (or, equivalently, the ‘%struct-type’ declaration) -is enabled, you must provide a C struct as the last -component in the declaration section from the input file. The first -field in this struct must be of type char * or const char * -if the ‘-P’ option is not given, or of type int if the option -‘-P’ (or, equivalently, the ‘%pic’ declaration) is enabled. -This first field must be called ‘name’, although it is possible to modify -its name with the ‘-K’ option (or, equivalently, the -‘%define slot-name’ declaration) described below. - -

-

-Here is a simple example, using months of the year and their attributes as -input: - -

- -
-struct month { char *name; int number; int days; int leap_days; };
-%%
-january,   1, 31, 31
-february,  2, 28, 29
-march,     3, 31, 31
-april,     4, 30, 30
-may,       5, 31, 31
-june,      6, 30, 30
-july,      7, 31, 31
-august,    8, 31, 31
-september, 9, 30, 30
-october,  10, 31, 31
-november, 11, 30, 30
-december, 12, 31, 31
-
- -

- -Separating the struct declaration from the list of keywords and -other fields are a pair of consecutive percent signs, ‘%%’, -appearing left justified in the first column, as in the UNIX utility -lex. - -

-

-If the struct has already been declared in an include file, it can -be mentioned in an abbreviated form, like this: - -

- -
-struct month;
-%%
-january,   1, 31, 31
-...
-
- - - -

4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations

- -

-The declaration section can contain gperf declarations. They -influence the way gperf works, like command line options do. -In fact, every such declaration is equivalent to a command line option. -There are three forms of declarations: - -

- -
    -
  1. - -Declarations without argument, like ‘%compare-lengths’. - -
  2. - -Declarations with an argument, like ‘%switch=count’. - -
  3. - -Declarations of names of entities in the output file, like -‘%define lookup-function-name name’. -
- -

-When a declaration is given both in the input file and as a command line -option, the command-line option's value prevails. - -

-

-The following gperf declarations are available. - -

-
- -
‘%delimiters=delimiter-list’ -
- -Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to -separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This -option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded -commas or newlines. - -
‘%struct-type’ -
- -Allows you to include a struct type declaration for generated -code; see above for an example. - -
‘%ignore-case’ -
- -Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The string -comparison will use a case insignificant character comparison. Note that -locale dependent case mappings are ignored. - -
‘%language=language-name’ -
- -Instructs gperf to generate code in the language specified by the -option's argument. Languages handled are currently: - -
- -
‘KR-C’ -
-Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C compilers and -ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag warnings (or even errors) -because of lacking ‘const’. - -
‘C’ -
-Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, and also by -old-style C compilers, provided that you #define const to empty -for compilers which don't know about this keyword. - -
‘ANSI-C’ -
-ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C (C89, ISO C90) compilers, -ISO C99 compilers, and C++ compilers. - -
‘C++’ -
-C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers. -
- -The default is ANSI-C. - -
‘%define slot-name name’ -
- -This declaration is only useful when option ‘-t’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) has been given. -By default, the program assumes the structure component identifier for -the keyword is ‘name’. This option allows an arbitrary choice of -identifier for this component, although it still must occur as the first -field in your supplied struct. - -
‘%define initializer-suffix initializers’ -
- -This declaration is only useful when option ‘-t’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) has been given. -It permits to specify initializers for the structure members following -slot-name in empty hash table entries. The list of initializers -should start with a comma. By default, the emitted code will -zero-initialize structure members following slot-name. - -
‘%define hash-function-name name’ -
- -Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. Default -name is ‘hash’. This option permits the use of two hash tables in -the same file. - -
‘%define lookup-function-name name’ -
- -Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function. -Default name is ‘in_word_set’. This option permits multiple -generated hash functions to be used in the same application. - -
‘%define class-name name’ -
- -This option is only useful when option ‘-L C++’ (or, equivalently, -the ‘%language=C++’ declaration) has been given. It -allows you to specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is -Perfect_Hash. - -
‘%7bit’ -
- -This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as arguments -to the generated hash function and the generated lookup function will -solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in the range 0..127). -(Note that the ANSI C functions isalnum and isgraph do -not guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only an explicit -test like ‘c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'’ guarantees this.) - -
‘%compare-lengths’ -
- -Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This option -is mandatory for binary comparisons (see section 4.3 Use of NUL bytes). It also might -cut down on the number of string comparisons made during the lookup, since -keywords with different lengths are never compared via strcmp. -However, using ‘%compare-lengths’ might greatly increase the size of the -generated C code if the lookup table range is large (which implies that -the switch option ‘-S’ or ‘%switch’ is not enabled), since the length -table contains as many elements as there are entries in the lookup table. - -
‘%compare-strncmp’ -
- -Generates C code that uses the strncmp function to perform -string comparisons. The default action is to use strcmp. - -
‘%readonly-tables’ -
- -Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e., -“readonly”. Many compilers can generate more efficient code for this -by putting the tables in readonly memory. - -
‘%enum’ -
- -Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function rather -than with #defines. This also means that different lookup functions can -reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark <jjc@ai.mit.edu>. - -
‘%includes’ -
- -Include the necessary system include file, <string.h>, at the -beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must -include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code. - -
‘%global-table’ -
- -Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable, -rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the -default behavior). - -
‘%pic’ -
- -Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. This -reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code. If the ‘%struct-type’ declaration (or, -equivalently, the option ‘-t’) is also given, the first field of the -user-defined struct must be of type ‘int’, not ‘char *’, because -it will contain offsets into the string pool instead of actual strings. -To convert such an offset to a string, you can use the expression -‘stringpool + o’, where o is the offset. The string pool -name can be changed through the ‘%define string-pool-name’ declaration. - -
‘%define string-pool-name name’ -
- -Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool created by -the declaration ‘%pic’ (or, equivalently, the option ‘-P’). -The default name is ‘stringpool’. This declaration permits the use of -two hash tables in the same file, with ‘%pic’ and even when the -‘%global-table’ declaration (or, equivalently, the option ‘-G’) -is given. - -
‘%null-strings’ -
- -Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table entries. -This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code (but not as much as the declaration ‘%pic’), at the -expense of one more test-and-branch instruction at run time. - -
‘%define word-array-name name’ -
- -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -hash table. Default name is ‘wordlist’. This option permits the -use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option ‘-G’ -(or, equivalently, the ‘%global-table’ declaration) is given. - -
‘%define length-table-name name’ -
- -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -length table. Default name is ‘lengthtable’. This option permits the -use of two length tables in the same file, even when the option ‘-G’ -(or, equivalently, the ‘%global-table’ declaration) is given. - -
‘%switch=count’ -
- -Causes the generated C code to use a switch statement scheme, -rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction in both -time and space requirements for some input files. The argument to this -option determines how many switch statements are generated. A -value of 1 generates 1 switch containing all the elements, a -value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the elements in each -switch, etc. This is useful since many C compilers cannot -correctly generate code for large switch statements. This option -was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's original C program. - -
‘%omit-struct-type’ -
- -Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. Use -this option if the type is already defined elsewhere. -
- - - -

4.1.1.3 C Code Inclusion

- -

- - -Using a syntax similar to GNU utilities flex and bison, it -is possible to directly include C source text and comments verbatim into -the generated output file. This is accomplished by enclosing the region -inside left-justified surrounding ‘%{’, ‘%}’ pairs. Here is -an input fragment based on the previous example that illustrates this -feature: - -

- -
-%{
-#include <assert.h>
-/* This section of code is inserted directly into the output. */
-int return_month_days (struct month *months, int is_leap_year);
-%}
-struct month { char *name; int number; int days; int leap_days; };
-%%
-january,   1, 31, 31
-february,  2, 28, 29
-march,     3, 31, 31
-...
-
- - - -

4.1.2 Format for Keyword Entries

- -

-The second input file format section contains lines of keywords and any -associated attributes you might supply. A line beginning with ‘#’ -in the first column is considered a comment. Everything following the -‘#’ is ignored, up to and including the following newline. A line -beginning with ‘%’ in the first column is an option declaration and -must not occur within the keywords section. - -

-

-The first field of each non-comment line is always the keyword itself. It -can be given in two ways: as a simple name, i.e., without surrounding -string quotation marks, or as a string enclosed in double-quotes, in -C syntax, possibly with backslash escapes like \" or \234 -or \xa8. In either case, it must start right at the beginning -of the line, without leading whitespace. -In this context, a “field” is considered to extend up to, but -not include, the first blank, comma, or newline. Here is a simple -example taken from a partial list of C reserved words: - -

- -
-# These are a few C reserved words, see the c.gperf file 
-# for a complete list of ANSI C reserved words.
-unsigned
-sizeof
-switch
-signed
-if
-default
-for
-while
-return
-
- -

-Note that unlike flex or bison the first ‘%%’ marker -may be elided if the declaration section is empty. - -

-

-Additional fields may optionally follow the leading keyword. Fields -should be separated by commas, and terminate at the end of line. What -these fields mean is entirely up to you; they are used to initialize the -elements of the user-defined struct provided by you in the -declaration section. If the ‘-t’ option (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) is not enabled -these fields are simply ignored. All previous examples except the last -one contain keyword attributes. - -

- - -

4.1.3 Including Additional C Functions

- -

-The optional third section also corresponds closely with conventions -found in flex and bison. All text in this section, -starting at the final ‘%%’ and extending to the end of the input -file, is included verbatim into the generated output file. Naturally, -it is your responsibility to ensure that the code contained in this -section is valid C. - -

- - -

4.1.4 Where to place directives for GNU indent.

- -

-If you want to invoke GNU indent on a gperf input file, -you will see that GNU indent doesn't understand the ‘%%’, -‘%{’ and ‘%}’ directives that control gperf's -interpretation of the input file. Therefore you have to insert some -directives for GNU indent. More precisely, assuming the most -general input file structure - -

- -
-declarations part 1
-%{
-verbatim code
-%}
-declarations part 2
-%%
-keywords
-%%
-functions
-
- -

-you would insert ‘*INDENT-OFF*’ and ‘*INDENT-ON*’ comments -as follows: - -

- -
-/* *INDENT-OFF* */
-declarations part 1
-%{
-/* *INDENT-ON* */
-verbatim code
-/* *INDENT-OFF* */
-%}
-declarations part 2
-%%
-keywords
-%%
-/* *INDENT-ON* */
-functions
-
- - - -

4.2 Output Format for Generated C Code with gperf

-

- - -

-

-Several options control how the generated C code appears on the standard -output. Two C functions are generated. They are called hash and -in_word_set, although you may modify their names with a command-line -option. Both functions require two arguments, a string, char * -str, and a length parameter, int len. Their default -function prototypes are as follows: - -

-

-

-
Function: unsigned int hash (const char * str, unsigned int len) -
-By default, the generated hash function returns an integer value -created by adding len to several user-specified str byte -positions indexed into an associated values table stored in a -local static array. The associated values table is constructed -internally by gperf and later output as a static local C array -called ‘hash_table’. The relevant selected positions (i.e. indices -into str) are specified via the ‘-k’ option when running -gperf, as detailed in the Options section below (see section 5 Invoking gperf). -
- -

-

-

-
Function: in_word_set (const char * str, unsigned int len) -
-If str is in the keyword set, returns a pointer to that -keyword. More exactly, if the option ‘-t’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) was given, it returns -a pointer to the matching keyword's structure. Otherwise it returns -NULL. -
- -

-

-If the option ‘-c’ (or, equivalently, the ‘%compare-strncmp’ -declaration) is not used, str must be a NUL terminated -string of exactly length len. If ‘-c’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%compare-strncmp’ declaration) is used, str must -simply be an array of len bytes and does not need to be NUL -terminated. - -

-

-The code generated for these two functions is affected by the following -options: - -

-
- -
‘-t’ -
-
‘--struct-type’ -
-Make use of the user-defined struct. - -
‘-S total-switch-statements’ -
-
‘--switch=total-switch-statements’ -
- -Generate 1 or more C switch statement rather than use a large, -(and potentially sparse) static array. Although the exact time and -space savings of this approach vary according to your C compiler's -degree of optimization, this method often results in smaller and faster -code. -
- -

-If the ‘-t’ and ‘-S’ options (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ and ‘%switch’ declarations) are omitted, the default -action -is to generate a char * array containing the keywords, together with -additional empty strings used for padding the array. By experimenting -with the various input and output options, and timing the resulting C -code, you can determine the best option choices for different keyword -set characteristics. - -

- - -

4.3 Use of NUL bytes

-

- - -

-

-By default, the code generated by gperf operates on zero -terminated strings, the usual representation of strings in C. This means -that the keywords in the input file must not contain NUL bytes, -and the str argument passed to hash or in_word_set -must be NUL terminated and have exactly length len. - -

-

-If option ‘-c’ (or, equivalently, the ‘%compare-strncmp’ -declaration) is used, then the str argument does not need -to be NUL terminated. The code generated by gperf will only -access the first len, not len+1, bytes starting at str. -However, the keywords in the input file still must not contain NUL -bytes. - -

-

-If option ‘-l’ (or, equivalently, the ‘%compare-lengths’ -declaration) is used, then the hash table performs binary -comparison. The keywords in the input file may contain NUL bytes, -written in string syntax as \000 or \x00, and the code -generated by gperf will treat NUL like any other byte. -Also, in this case the ‘-c’ option (or, equivalently, the -‘%compare-strncmp’ declaration) is ignored. - -

- - -

4.4 The Copyright of the Output

-

- - -

-

-gperf is under GPL, but that does not cause the output produced -by gperf to be under GPL. The reason is that the output contains -only small pieces of text that come directly from gperf's source -code -- only about 7 lines long, too small for being significant --, and -therefore the output is not a “work based on gperf” (in the -sense of the GPL version 3). - -

-

-On the other hand, the output produced by gperf contains -essentially all of the input file. Therefore the output is a -“derivative work” of the input (in the sense of U.S. copyright law); -and its copyright status depends on the copyright of the input. For most -software licenses, the result is that the the output is under the same -license, with the same copyright holder, as the input that was passed to -gperf. - -

- - -

5 Invoking gperf

- -

-There are many options to gperf. They were added to make -the program more convenient for use with real applications. “On-line” -help is readily available via the ‘--help’ option. Here is the -complete list of options. - -

- - - -

5.1 Specifying the Location of the Output File

- -
- -
‘--output-file=file’ -
-Allows you to specify the name of the file to which the output is written to. -
- -

-The results are written to standard output if no output file is specified -or if it is ‘-’. - -

- - -

5.2 Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File

- -

-These options are also available as declarations in the input file -(see section 4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations). - -

-
- -
‘-e keyword-delimiter-list’ -
-
‘--delimiters=keyword-delimiter-list’ -
- -Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to -separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This -option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded -commas or newlines. One useful trick is to use -e'TAB', where TAB is -the literal tab character. - -
‘-t’ -
-
‘--struct-type’ -
-Allows you to include a struct type declaration for generated -code. Any text before a pair of consecutive ‘%%’ is considered -part of the type declaration. Keywords and additional fields may follow -this, one group of fields per line. A set of examples for generating -perfect hash tables and functions for Ada, C, C++, Pascal, Modula 2, -Modula 3 and JavaScript reserved words are distributed with this release. - -
‘--ignore-case’ -
-Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The string -comparison will use a case insignificant character comparison. Note that -locale dependent case mappings are ignored. This option is therefore not -suitable if a properly internationalized or locale aware case mapping -should be used. (For example, in a Turkish locale, the upper case equivalent -of the lowercase ASCII letter ‘i’ is the non-ASCII character -‘capital i with dot above’.) For this case, it is better to apply -an uppercase or lowercase conversion on the string before passing it to -the gperf generated function. -
- - - -

5.3 Options to specify the Language for the Output Code

- -

-These options are also available as declarations in the input file -(see section 4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations). - -

-
- -
‘-L generated-language-name’ -
-
‘--language=generated-language-name’ -
-Instructs gperf to generate code in the language specified by the -option's argument. Languages handled are currently: - -
- -
‘KR-C’ -
-Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C compilers and -ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag warnings (or even errors) -because of lacking ‘const’. - -
‘C’ -
-Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, and also by -old-style C compilers, provided that you #define const to empty -for compilers which don't know about this keyword. - -
‘ANSI-C’ -
-ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers and C++ compilers. - -
‘C++’ -
-C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers. -
- -The default is ANSI-C. - -
‘-a’ -
-This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of -gperf. It does not do anything. - -
‘-g’ -
-This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of -gperf. It does not do anything. -
- - - -

5.4 Options for fine tuning Details in the Output Code

- -

-Most of these options are also available as declarations in the input file -(see section 4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations). - -

-
- -
‘-K slot-name’ -
-
‘--slot-name=slot-name’ -
- -This option is only useful when option ‘-t’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) has been given. -By default, the program assumes the structure component identifier for -the keyword is ‘name’. This option allows an arbitrary choice of -identifier for this component, although it still must occur as the first -field in your supplied struct. - -
‘-F initializers’ -
-
‘--initializer-suffix=initializers’ -
- -This option is only useful when option ‘-t’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) has been given. -It permits to specify initializers for the structure members following -slot-name in empty hash table entries. The list of initializers -should start with a comma. By default, the emitted code will -zero-initialize structure members following slot-name. - -
‘-H hash-function-name’ -
-
‘--hash-function-name=hash-function-name’ -
-Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. Default -name is ‘hash’. This option permits the use of two hash tables in -the same file. - -
‘-N lookup-function-name’ -
-
‘--lookup-function-name=lookup-function-name’ -
-Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function. -Default name is ‘in_word_set’. This option permits multiple -generated hash functions to be used in the same application. - -
‘-Z class-name’ -
-
‘--class-name=class-name’ -
- -This option is only useful when option ‘-L C++’ (or, equivalently, -the ‘%language=C++’ declaration) has been given. It -allows you to specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is -Perfect_Hash. - -
‘-7’ -
-
‘--seven-bit’ -
-This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as arguments -to the generated hash function and the generated lookup function will -solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in the range 0..127). -(Note that the ANSI C functions isalnum and isgraph do -not guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only an explicit -test like ‘c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'’ guarantees this.) This was the -default in versions of gperf earlier than 2.7; now the default is -to support 8-bit and multibyte characters. - -
‘-l’ -
-
‘--compare-lengths’ -
-Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This option -is mandatory for binary comparisons (see section 4.3 Use of NUL bytes). It also might -cut down on the number of string comparisons made during the lookup, since -keywords with different lengths are never compared via strcmp. -However, using ‘-l’ might greatly increase the size of the -generated C code if the lookup table range is large (which implies that -the switch option ‘-S’ or ‘%switch’ is not enabled), since the length -table contains as many elements as there are entries in the lookup table. - -
‘-c’ -
-
‘--compare-strncmp’ -
-Generates C code that uses the strncmp function to perform -string comparisons. The default action is to use strcmp. - -
‘-C’ -
-
‘--readonly-tables’ -
-Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e., -“readonly”. Many compilers can generate more efficient code for this -by putting the tables in readonly memory. - -
‘-E’ -
-
‘--enum’ -
-Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function rather -than with #defines. This also means that different lookup functions can -reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark <jjc@ai.mit.edu>. - -
‘-I’ -
-
‘--includes’ -
-Include the necessary system include file, <string.h>, at the -beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must -include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code. - -
‘-G’ -
-
‘--global-table’ -
-Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable, -rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the -default behavior). - -
‘-P’ -
-
‘--pic’ -
-Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. This -reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code. If the option ‘-t’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) is also given, the first field of the -user-defined struct must be of type ‘int’, not ‘char *’, because -it will contain offsets into the string pool instead of actual strings. -To convert such an offset to a string, you can use the expression -‘stringpool + o’, where o is the offset. The string pool -name can be changed through the option ‘--string-pool-name’. - -
‘-Q string-pool-name’ -
-
‘--string-pool-name=string-pool-name’ -
-Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool created by -option ‘-P’. The default name is ‘stringpool’. This option -permits the use of two hash tables in the same file, with ‘-P’ and -even when the option ‘-G’ (or, equivalently, the ‘%global-table’ -declaration) is given. - -
‘--null-strings’ -
-Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table entries. -This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code (but not as much as option ‘-P’), at the expense -of one more test-and-branch instruction at run time. - -
‘-W hash-table-array-name’ -
-
‘--word-array-name=hash-table-array-name’ -
- -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -hash table. Default name is ‘wordlist’. This option permits the -use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option ‘-G’ -(or, equivalently, the ‘%global-table’ declaration) is given. - -
‘--length-table-name=length-table-array-name’ -
- -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -length table. Default name is ‘lengthtable’. This option permits the -use of two length tables in the same file, even when the option ‘-G’ -(or, equivalently, the ‘%global-table’ declaration) is given. - -
‘-S total-switch-statements’ -
-
‘--switch=total-switch-statements’ -
- -Causes the generated C code to use a switch statement scheme, -rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction in both -time and space requirements for some input files. The argument to this -option determines how many switch statements are generated. A -value of 1 generates 1 switch containing all the elements, a -value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the elements in each -switch, etc. This is useful since many C compilers cannot -correctly generate code for large switch statements. This option -was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's original C program. - -
‘-T’ -
-
‘--omit-struct-type’ -
-Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. Use -this option if the type is already defined elsewhere. - -
‘-p’ -
-This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of -gperf. It does not do anything. -
- - - -

5.5 Options for changing the Algorithms employed by gperf

- -
- -
‘-k selected-byte-positions’ -
-
‘--key-positions=selected-byte-positions’ -
-Allows selection of the byte positions used in the keywords' -hash function. The allowable choices range between 1-255, inclusive. -The positions are separated by commas, e.g., ‘-k 9,4,13,14’; -ranges may be used, e.g., ‘-k 2-7’; and positions may occur -in any order. Furthermore, the wildcard '*' causes the generated -hash function to consider all byte positions in each keyword, -whereas '$' instructs the hash function to use the “final byte” -of a keyword (this is the only way to use a byte position greater than -255, incidentally). - -For instance, the option ‘-k 1,2,4,6-10,'$'’ generates a hash -function that considers positions 1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10, plus the last -byte in each keyword (which may be at a different position for each -keyword, obviously). Keywords -with length less than the indicated byte positions work properly, since -selected byte positions exceeding the keyword length are simply not -referenced in the hash function. - -This option is not normally needed since version 2.8 of gperf; -the default byte positions are computed depending on the keyword set, -through a search that minimizes the number of byte positions. - -
‘-D’ -
-
‘--duplicates’ -
- -Handle keywords whose selected byte sets hash to duplicate values. -Duplicate hash values can occur if a set of keywords has the same names, but -possesses different attributes, or if the selected byte positions are not well -chosen. With the -D option gperf treats all these keywords as -part of an equivalence class and generates a perfect hash function with -multiple comparisons for duplicate keywords. It is up to you to completely -disambiguate the keywords by modifying the generated C code. However, -gperf helps you out by organizing the output. - -Using this option usually means that the generated hash function is no -longer perfect. On the other hand, it permits gperf to work on -keyword sets that it otherwise could not handle. - -
‘-m iterations’ -
-
‘--multiple-iterations=iterations’ -
-Perform multiple choices of the ‘-i’ and ‘-j’ values, and -choose the best results. This increases the running time by a factor of -iterations but does a good job minimizing the generated table size. - -
‘-i initial-value’ -
-
‘--initial-asso=initial-value’ -
-Provides an initial value for the associate values array. Default -is 0. Increasing the initial value helps inflate the final table size, -possibly leading to more time efficient keyword lookups. Note that this -option is not particularly useful when ‘-S’ (or, equivalently, -‘%switch’) is used. Also, -‘-i’ is overridden when the ‘-r’ option is used. - -
‘-j jump-value’ -
-
‘--jump=jump-value’ -
- -Affects the “jump value”, i.e., how far to advance the associated -byte value upon collisions. Jump-value is rounded up to an -odd number, the default is 5. If the jump-value is 0 gperf -jumps by random amounts. - -
‘-n’ -
-
‘--no-strlen’ -
-Instructs the generator not to include the length of a keyword when -computing its hash value. This may save a few assembly instructions in -the generated lookup table. - -
‘-r’ -
-
‘--random’ -
-Utilizes randomness to initialize the associated values table. This -frequently generates solutions faster than using deterministic -initialization (which starts all associated values at 0). Furthermore, -using the randomization option generally increases the size of the -table. - -
‘-s size-multiple’ -
-
‘--size-multiple=size-multiple’ -
-Affects the size of the generated hash table. The numeric argument for -this option indicates “how many times larger or smaller” the maximum -associated value range should be, in relationship to the number of keywords. -It can be written as an integer, a floating-point number or a fraction. -For example, a value of 3 means “allow the maximum associated value to be -about 3 times larger than the number of input keywords”. -Conversely, a value of 1/3 means “allow the maximum associated value to -be about 3 times smaller than the number of input keywords”. Values -smaller than 1 are useful for limiting the overall size of the generated hash -table, though the option ‘-m’ is better at this purpose. - -If `generate switch' option ‘-S’ (or, equivalently, ‘%switch’) is -not enabled, the maximum -associated value influences the static array table size, and a larger -table should decrease the time required for an unsuccessful search, at -the expense of extra table space. - -The default value is 1, thus the default maximum associated value about -the same size as the number of keywords (for efficiency, the maximum -associated value is always rounded up to a power of 2). The actual -table size may vary somewhat, since this technique is essentially a -heuristic. -
- - - -

5.6 Informative Output

- -
- -
‘-h’ -
-
‘--help’ -
-Prints a short summary on the meaning of each program option. Aborts -further program execution. - -
‘-v’ -
-
‘--version’ -
-Prints out the current version number. - -
‘-d’ -
-
‘--debug’ -
-Enables the debugging option. This produces verbose diagnostics to -“standard error” when gperf is executing. It is useful both for -maintaining the program and for determining whether a given set of -options is actually speeding up the search for a solution. Some useful -information is dumped at the end of the program when the ‘-d’ -option is enabled. -
- - - -

6 Known Bugs and Limitations with gperf

- -

-The following are some limitations with the current release of -gperf: - -

- - - - - -

7 Things Still Left to Do

- -

-It should be “relatively” easy to replace the current perfect hash -function algorithm with a more exhaustive approach; the perfect hash -module is essential independent from other program modules. Additional -worthwhile improvements include: - -

- - - - - -

8 Bibliography

- -

-[1] Chang, C.C.: A Scheme for Constructing Ordered Minimal Perfect -Hashing Functions Information Sciences 39(1986), 187-195. - -

-

-[2] Cichelli, Richard J. Author's Response to “On Cichelli's Minimal Perfect Hash -Functions Method” Communications of the ACM, 23, 12(December 1980), 729. - -

-

-[3] Cichelli, Richard J. Minimal Perfect Hash Functions Made Simple -Communications of the ACM, 23, 1(January 1980), 17-19. - -

-

-[4] Cook, C. R. and Oldehoeft, R.R. A Letter Oriented Minimal -Perfect Hashing Function SIGPLAN Notices, 17, 9(September 1982), 18-27. - -

-

-[5] Cormack, G. V. and Horspool, R. N. S. and Kaiserwerth, M. -Practical Perfect Hashing Computer Journal, 28, 1(January 1985), 54-58. - -

-

-[6] Jaeschke, G. Reciprocal Hashing: A Method for Generating Minimal -Perfect Hashing Functions Communications of the ACM, 24, 12(December -1981), 829-833. - -

-

-[7] Jaeschke, G. and Osterburg, G. On Cichelli's Minimal Perfect -Hash Functions Method Communications of the ACM, 23, 12(December 1980), -728-729. - -

-

-[8] Sager, Thomas J. A Polynomial Time Generator for Minimal Perfect -Hash Functions Communications of the ACM, 28, 5(December 1985), 523-532 - -

-

-[9] Schmidt, Douglas C. GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator -Second USENIX C++ Conference Proceedings, April 1990. - -

-

-[10] Schmidt, Douglas C. GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator -C++ Report, SIGS 10 10 (November/December 1998). - -

-

-[11] Sebesta, R.W. and Taylor, M.A. Minimal Perfect Hash Functions -for Reserved Word Lists SIGPLAN Notices, 20, 12(September 1985), 47-53. - -

-

-[12] Sprugnoli, R. Perfect Hashing Functions: A Single Probe -Retrieving Method for Static Sets Communications of the ACM, 20 -11(November 1977), 841-850. - -

-

-[13] Stallman, Richard M. Using and Porting GNU CC Free Software Foundation, -1988. - -

-

-[14] Stroustrup, Bjarne The C++ Programming Language. Addison-Wesley, 1986. - -

-

-[15] Tiemann, Michael D. User's Guide to GNU C++ Free Software -Foundation, 1989. - -

- - -

Concept Index

- -

-Jump to: -& -- -a -- -b -- -c -- -d -- -f -- -h -- -i -- -j -- -k -- -m -- -n -- -s -

-

&

- -
  • ‘%%’ -
  • ‘%7bit’ -
  • ‘%compare-lengths’ -
  • ‘%compare-strncmp’ -
  • ‘%define class-name’ -
  • ‘%define hash-function-name’ -
  • ‘%define initializer-suffix’ -
  • ‘%define length-table-name’ -
  • ‘%define lookup-function-name’ -
  • ‘%define slot-name’ -
  • ‘%define string-pool-name’ -
  • ‘%define word-array-name’ -
  • ‘%delimiters’ -
  • ‘%enum’ -
  • ‘%global-table’ -
  • ‘%ignore-case’ -
  • ‘%includes’ -
  • ‘%language’ -
  • ‘%null-strings’ -
  • ‘%omit-struct-type’ -
  • ‘%pic’ -
  • ‘%readonly-tables’ -
  • ‘%struct-type’ -
  • ‘%switch’ -
  • ‘%{’ -
  • ‘%}’ -
    •  -

    a

    - -
  • Array name, Array name -
    •  -

    b

    - -
  • Bugs -
    •  -

    c

    - -
  • Class name -
  • Copyright -
    •  -

    d

    - -
  • Declaration section -
  • Delimiters -
  • Duplicates -
    •  -

    f

    - -
  • Format -
  • Functions section -
    •  -

    h

    - -
  • hash -
  • hash table -
    •  -

    i

    - -
  • in_word_set -
  • Initializers -
    •  -

    j

    - -
  • Jump value -
    •  -

    k

    - -
  • Keywords section -
    •  -

    m

    - -
  • Minimal perfect hash functions -
    •  -

    n

    - -
  • NUL -
    •  -

    s

    - -
  • Slot name -
  • Static search structure -
  • switch, switch -
    •  - -

    - -

    -This document was generated on 20 December 2009 using the -texi2html -translator version 1.52b.

    - - diff --git a/doc/gperf.info b/doc/gperf.info deleted file mode 100644 index 8353e43..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf.info +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2096 +0,0 @@ -This is gperf.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from gperf.texi. - -INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming Tools -START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY -* Gperf: (gperf). Perfect Hash Function Generator. -END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY - - This file documents the features of the GNU Perfect Hash Function -Generator 3.1. - - Copyright (C) 1989-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the section entitled "GNU General Public License" is included -exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting -derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice -identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the section entitled "GNU General Public License" -and this permission notice may be included in translations approved by -the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Top, Next: Copying, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) - -Introduction -************ - - This manual documents the GNU `gperf' perfect hash function generator -utility, focusing on its features and how to use them, and how to report -bugs. - -* Menu: - -* Copying:: GNU General Public License says how you can - copy and share `gperf'. -* Contributors:: People who have contributed to `gperf'. -* Motivation:: The purpose of `gperf'. -* Search Structures:: Static search structures and GNU `gperf' -* Description:: High-level discussion of how GPERF functions. -* Options:: A description of options to the program. -* Bugs:: Known bugs and limitations with GPERF. -* Projects:: Things still left to do. -* Bibliography:: Material Referenced in this Report. - -* Concept Index:: - - -High-Level Description of GNU `gperf' - -* Input Format:: Input Format to `gperf' -* Output Format:: Output Format for Generated C Code with `gperf' -* Binary Strings:: Use of NUL bytes -* Output Copyright:: The Copyright of the Output. - -Input Format to `gperf' - -* Declarations:: Declarations. -* Keywords:: Format for Keyword Entries. -* Functions:: Including Additional C Functions. -* Controls for GNU indent:: Where to place directives for GNU `indent'. - -Declarations - -* User-supplied Struct:: Specifying keywords with attributes. -* Gperf Declarations:: Embedding command line options in the input. -* C Code Inclusion:: Including C declarations and definitions. - -Invoking `gperf' - -* Input Details:: Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File -* Output Language:: Specifying the Language for the Output Code -* Output Details:: Fine tuning Details in the Output Code -* Algorithmic Details:: Changing the Algorithms employed by `gperf' -* Verbosity:: Informative Output - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Copying, Next: Contributors, Prev: Top, Up: Top - -GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE -************************** - - Version 3, 29 June 2007 - - Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' - - Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this - license document, but changing it is not allowed. - -Preamble -======== - - The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for -software and other kinds of works. - - The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed -to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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For more information on this, and how to apply and follow -the GNU GPL, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'. - - The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your -program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine -library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary -applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the -GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, -please read `http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html'. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Contributors, Next: Motivation, Prev: Copying, Up: Top - -Contributors to GNU `gperf' Utility -*********************************** - - * The GNU `gperf' perfect hash function generator utility was - written in GNU C++ by Douglas C. Schmidt. The general idea for - the perfect hash function generator was inspired by Keith Bostic's - algorithm written in C, and distributed to net.sources around - 1984. The current program is a heavily modified, enhanced, and - extended implementation of Keith's basic idea, created at the - University of California, Irvine. Bugs, patches, and suggestions - should be reported to `'. - - * Special thanks is extended to Michael Tiemann and Doug Lea, for - providing a useful compiler, and for giving me a forum to exhibit - my creation. - - In addition, Adam de Boor and Nels Olson provided many tips and - insights that greatly helped improve the quality and functionality - of `gperf'. - - * Bruno Haible enhanced and optimized the search algorithm. He also - rewrote the input routines and the output routines for better - reliability, and added a testsuite. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Motivation, Next: Search Structures, Prev: Contributors, Up: Top - -1 Introduction -************** - - `gperf' is a perfect hash function generator written in C++. It -transforms an N element user-specified keyword set W into a perfect -hash function F. F uniquely maps keywords in W onto the range 0..K, -where K >= N-1. If K = N-1 then F is a _minimal_ perfect hash function. -`gperf' generates a 0..K element static lookup table and a pair of C -functions. These functions determine whether a given character string -S occurs in W, using at most one probe into the lookup table. - - `gperf' currently generates the reserved keyword recognizer for -lexical analyzers in several production and research compilers and -language processing tools, including GNU C, GNU C++, GNU Java, GNU -Pascal, GNU Modula 3, and GNU indent. Complete C++ source code for -`gperf' is available from `http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/gperf/'. A paper -describing `gperf''s design and implementation in greater detail is -available in the Second USENIX C++ Conference proceedings or from -`http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/resume.html'. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Search Structures, Next: Description, Prev: Motivation, Up: Top - -2 Static search structures and GNU `gperf' -****************************************** - - A "static search structure" is an Abstract Data Type with certain -fundamental operations, e.g., _initialize_, _insert_, and _retrieve_. -Conceptually, all insertions occur before any retrievals. In practice, -`gperf' generates a _static_ array containing search set keywords and -any associated attributes specified by the user. Thus, there is -essentially no execution-time cost for the insertions. It is a useful -data structure for representing _static search sets_. Static search -sets occur frequently in software system applications. Typical static -search sets include compiler reserved words, assembler instruction -opcodes, and built-in shell interpreter commands. Search set members, -called "keywords", are inserted into the structure only once, usually -during program initialization, and are not generally modified at -run-time. - - Numerous static search structure implementations exist, e.g., -arrays, linked lists, binary search trees, digital search tries, and -hash tables. Different approaches offer trade-offs between space -utilization and search time efficiency. For example, an N element -sorted array is space efficient, though the average-case time -complexity for retrieval operations using binary search is proportional -to log N. Conversely, hash table implementations often locate a table -entry in constant time, but typically impose additional memory overhead -and exhibit poor worst case performance. - - _Minimal perfect hash functions_ provide an optimal solution for a -particular class of static search sets. A minimal perfect hash -function is defined by two properties: - - * It allows keyword recognition in a static search set using at most - _one_ probe into the hash table. This represents the "perfect" - property. - - * The actual memory allocated to store the keywords is precisely - large enough for the keyword set, and _no larger_. This is the - "minimal" property. - - For most applications it is far easier to generate _perfect_ hash -functions than _minimal perfect_ hash functions. Moreover, non-minimal -perfect hash functions frequently execute faster than minimal ones in -practice. This phenomena occurs since searching a sparse keyword table -increases the probability of locating a "null" entry, thereby reducing -string comparisons. `gperf''s default behavior generates -_near-minimal_ perfect hash functions for keyword sets. However, -`gperf' provides many options that permit user control over the degree -of minimality and perfection. - - Static search sets often exhibit relative stability over time. For -example, Ada's 63 reserved words have remained constant for nearly a -decade. It is therefore frequently worthwhile to expend concerted -effort building an optimal search structure _once_, if it subsequently -receives heavy use multiple times. `gperf' removes the drudgery -associated with constructing time- and space-efficient search -structures by hand. It has proven a useful and practical tool for -serious programming projects. Output from `gperf' is currently used in -several production and research compilers, including GNU C, GNU C++, -GNU Java, GNU Pascal, and GNU Modula 3. The latter two compilers are -not yet part of the official GNU distribution. Each compiler utilizes -`gperf' to automatically generate static search structures that -efficiently identify their respective reserved keywords. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Description, Next: Options, Prev: Search Structures, Up: Top - -3 High-Level Description of GNU `gperf' -*************************************** - -* Menu: - -* Input Format:: Input Format to `gperf' -* Output Format:: Output Format for Generated C Code with `gperf' -* Binary Strings:: Use of NUL bytes -* Output Copyright:: The Copyright of the Output. - - The perfect hash function generator `gperf' reads a set of -"keywords" from an input file (or from the standard input by default). -It attempts to derive a perfect hashing function that recognizes a -member of the "static keyword set" with at most a single probe into the -lookup table. If `gperf' succeeds in generating such a function it -produces a pair of C source code routines that perform hashing and -table lookup recognition. All generated C code is directed to the -standard output. Command-line options described below allow you to -modify the input and output format to `gperf'. - - By default, `gperf' attempts to produce time-efficient code, with -less emphasis on efficient space utilization. However, several options -exist that permit trading-off execution time for storage space and vice -versa. In particular, expanding the generated table size produces a -sparse search structure, generally yielding faster searches. -Conversely, you can direct `gperf' to utilize a C `switch' statement -scheme that minimizes data space storage size. Furthermore, using a C -`switch' may actually speed up the keyword retrieval time somewhat. -Actual results depend on your C compiler, of course. - - In general, `gperf' assigns values to the bytes it is using for -hashing until some set of values gives each keyword a unique value. A -helpful heuristic is that the larger the hash value range, the easier -it is for `gperf' to find and generate a perfect hash function. -Experimentation is the key to getting the most from `gperf'. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Input Format, Next: Output Format, Prev: Description, Up: Description - -3.1 Input Format to `gperf' -=========================== - - You can control the input file format by varying certain command-line -arguments, in particular the `-t' option. The input's appearance is -similar to GNU utilities `flex' and `bison' (or UNIX utilities `lex' -and `yacc'). Here's an outline of the general format: - - declarations - %% - keywords - %% - functions - - _Unlike_ `flex' or `bison', the declarations section and the -functions section are optional. The following sections describe the -input format for each section. - -* Menu: - -* Declarations:: Declarations. -* Keywords:: Format for Keyword Entries. -* Functions:: Including Additional C Functions. -* Controls for GNU indent:: Where to place directives for GNU `indent'. - - It is possible to omit the declaration section entirely, if the `-t' -option is not given. In this case the input file begins directly with -the first keyword line, e.g.: - - january - february - march - april - ... - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Declarations, Next: Keywords, Prev: Input Format, Up: Input Format - -3.1.1 Declarations ------------------- - - The keyword input file optionally contains a section for including -arbitrary C declarations and definitions, `gperf' declarations that act -like command-line options, as well as for providing a user-supplied -`struct'. - -* Menu: - -* User-supplied Struct:: Specifying keywords with attributes. -* Gperf Declarations:: Embedding command line options in the input. -* C Code Inclusion:: Including C declarations and definitions. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: User-supplied Struct, Next: Gperf Declarations, Prev: Declarations, Up: Declarations - -3.1.1.1 User-supplied `struct' -.............................. - - If the `-t' option (or, equivalently, the `%struct-type' declaration) -_is_ enabled, you _must_ provide a C `struct' as the last component in -the declaration section from the input file. The first field in this -struct must be of type `char *' or `const char *' if the `-P' option is -not given, or of type `int' if the option `-P' (or, equivalently, the -`%pic' declaration) is enabled. This first field must be called -`name', although it is possible to modify its name with the `-K' option -(or, equivalently, the `%define slot-name' declaration) described below. - - Here is a simple example, using months of the year and their -attributes as input: - - struct month { char *name; int number; int days; int leap_days; }; - %% - january, 1, 31, 31 - february, 2, 28, 29 - march, 3, 31, 31 - april, 4, 30, 30 - may, 5, 31, 31 - june, 6, 30, 30 - july, 7, 31, 31 - august, 8, 31, 31 - september, 9, 30, 30 - october, 10, 31, 31 - november, 11, 30, 30 - december, 12, 31, 31 - - Separating the `struct' declaration from the list of keywords and -other fields are a pair of consecutive percent signs, `%%', appearing -left justified in the first column, as in the UNIX utility `lex'. - - If the `struct' has already been declared in an include file, it can -be mentioned in an abbreviated form, like this: - - struct month; - %% - january, 1, 31, 31 - ... - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Gperf Declarations, Next: C Code Inclusion, Prev: User-supplied Struct, Up: Declarations - -3.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations -.......................... - - The declaration section can contain `gperf' declarations. They -influence the way `gperf' works, like command line options do. In -fact, every such declaration is equivalent to a command line option. -There are three forms of declarations: - - 1. Declarations without argument, like `%compare-lengths'. - - 2. Declarations with an argument, like `%switch=COUNT'. - - 3. Declarations of names of entities in the output file, like - `%define lookup-function-name NAME'. - - When a declaration is given both in the input file and as a command -line option, the command-line option's value prevails. - - The following `gperf' declarations are available. - -`%delimiters=DELIMITER-LIST' - Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to - separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This - option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded - commas or newlines. - -`%struct-type' - Allows you to include a `struct' type declaration for generated - code; see above for an example. - -`%ignore-case' - Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The - string comparison will use a case insignificant character - comparison. Note that locale dependent case mappings are ignored. - -`%language=LANGUAGE-NAME' - Instructs `gperf' to generate code in the language specified by the - option's argument. Languages handled are currently: - - `KR-C' - Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C - compilers and ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag - warnings (or even errors) because of lacking `const'. - - `C' - Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, - and also by old-style C compilers, provided that you `#define - const' to empty for compilers which don't know about this - keyword. - - `ANSI-C' - ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C (C89, ISO C90) - compilers, ISO C99 compilers, and C++ compilers. - - `C++' - C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers. - - The default is ANSI-C. - -`%define slot-name NAME' - This declaration is only useful when option `-t' (or, - equivalently, the `%struct-type' declaration) has been given. By - default, the program assumes the structure component identifier for - the keyword is `name'. This option allows an arbitrary choice of - identifier for this component, although it still must occur as the - first field in your supplied `struct'. - -`%define initializer-suffix INITIALIZERS' - This declaration is only useful when option `-t' (or, - equivalently, the `%struct-type' declaration) has been given. It - permits to specify initializers for the structure members following - SLOT-NAME in empty hash table entries. The list of initializers - should start with a comma. By default, the emitted code will - zero-initialize structure members following SLOT-NAME. - -`%define hash-function-name NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. - Default name is `hash'. This option permits the use of two hash - tables in the same file. - -`%define lookup-function-name NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function. - Default name is `in_word_set'. This option permits multiple - generated hash functions to be used in the same application. - -`%define class-name NAME' - This option is only useful when option `-L C++' (or, equivalently, - the `%language=C++' declaration) has been given. It allows you to - specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is - `Perfect_Hash'. - -`%7bit' - This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as - arguments to the generated hash function and the generated lookup - function will solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in - the range 0..127). (Note that the ANSI C functions `isalnum' and - `isgraph' do _not_ guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only - an explicit test like `c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'' guarantees this.) - -`%compare-lengths' - Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This - option is mandatory for binary comparisons (*note Binary - Strings::). It also might cut down on the number of string - comparisons made during the lookup, since keywords with different - lengths are never compared via `strcmp'. However, using - `%compare-lengths' might greatly increase the size of the - generated C code if the lookup table range is large (which implies - that the switch option `-S' or `%switch' is not enabled), since - the length table contains as many elements as there are entries in - the lookup table. - -`%compare-strncmp' - Generates C code that uses the `strncmp' function to perform - string comparisons. The default action is to use `strcmp'. - -`%readonly-tables' - Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e., - "readonly". Many compilers can generate more efficient code for - this by putting the tables in readonly memory. - -`%enum' - Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function - rather than with #defines. This also means that different lookup - functions can reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark - `'. - -`%includes' - Include the necessary system include file, `', at the - beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must - include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code. - -`%global-table' - Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable, - rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the - default behavior). - -`%pic' - Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. - This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library - containing the generated code. If the `%struct-type' declaration - (or, equivalently, the option `-t') is also given, the first field - of the user-defined struct must be of type `int', not `char *', - because it will contain offsets into the string pool instead of - actual strings. To convert such an offset to a string, you can - use the expression `stringpool + O', where O is the offset. The - string pool name can be changed through the `%define - string-pool-name' declaration. - -`%define string-pool-name NAME' - Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool - created by the declaration `%pic' (or, equivalently, the option - `-P'). The default name is `stringpool'. This declaration - permits the use of two hash tables in the same file, with `%pic' - and even when the `%global-table' declaration (or, equivalently, - the option `-G') is given. - -`%null-strings' - Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table - entries. This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared - library containing the generated code (but not as much as the - declaration `%pic'), at the expense of one more test-and-branch - instruction at run time. - -`%define word-array-name NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing - the hash table. Default name is `wordlist'. This option permits - the use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option - `-G' (or, equivalently, the `%global-table' declaration) is given. - -`%define length-table-name NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing - the length table. Default name is `lengthtable'. This option - permits the use of two length tables in the same file, even when - the option `-G' (or, equivalently, the `%global-table' - declaration) is given. - -`%switch=COUNT' - Causes the generated C code to use a `switch' statement scheme, - rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction - in both time and space requirements for some input files. The - argument to this option determines how many `switch' statements - are generated. A value of 1 generates 1 `switch' containing all - the elements, a value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the - elements in each `switch', etc. This is useful since many C - compilers cannot correctly generate code for large `switch' - statements. This option was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's - original C program. - -`%omit-struct-type' - Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. - Use this option if the type is already defined elsewhere. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: C Code Inclusion, Prev: Gperf Declarations, Up: Declarations - -3.1.1.3 C Code Inclusion -........................ - - Using a syntax similar to GNU utilities `flex' and `bison', it is -possible to directly include C source text and comments verbatim into -the generated output file. This is accomplished by enclosing the region -inside left-justified surrounding `%{', `%}' pairs. Here is an input -fragment based on the previous example that illustrates this feature: - - %{ - #include - /* This section of code is inserted directly into the output. */ - int return_month_days (struct month *months, int is_leap_year); - %} - struct month { char *name; int number; int days; int leap_days; }; - %% - january, 1, 31, 31 - february, 2, 28, 29 - march, 3, 31, 31 - ... - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Keywords, Next: Functions, Prev: Declarations, Up: Input Format - -3.1.2 Format for Keyword Entries --------------------------------- - - The second input file format section contains lines of keywords and -any associated attributes you might supply. A line beginning with `#' -in the first column is considered a comment. Everything following the -`#' is ignored, up to and including the following newline. A line -beginning with `%' in the first column is an option declaration and -must not occur within the keywords section. - - The first field of each non-comment line is always the keyword -itself. It can be given in two ways: as a simple name, i.e., without -surrounding string quotation marks, or as a string enclosed in -double-quotes, in C syntax, possibly with backslash escapes like `\"' -or `\234' or `\xa8'. In either case, it must start right at the -beginning of the line, without leading whitespace. In this context, a -"field" is considered to extend up to, but not include, the first -blank, comma, or newline. Here is a simple example taken from a -partial list of C reserved words: - - # These are a few C reserved words, see the c.gperf file - # for a complete list of ANSI C reserved words. - unsigned - sizeof - switch - signed - if - default - for - while - return - - Note that unlike `flex' or `bison' the first `%%' marker may be -elided if the declaration section is empty. - - Additional fields may optionally follow the leading keyword. Fields -should be separated by commas, and terminate at the end of line. What -these fields mean is entirely up to you; they are used to initialize the -elements of the user-defined `struct' provided by you in the -declaration section. If the `-t' option (or, equivalently, the -`%struct-type' declaration) is _not_ enabled these fields are simply -ignored. All previous examples except the last one contain keyword -attributes. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Functions, Next: Controls for GNU indent, Prev: Keywords, Up: Input Format - -3.1.3 Including Additional C Functions --------------------------------------- - - The optional third section also corresponds closely with conventions -found in `flex' and `bison'. All text in this section, starting at the -final `%%' and extending to the end of the input file, is included -verbatim into the generated output file. Naturally, it is your -responsibility to ensure that the code contained in this section is -valid C. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Controls for GNU indent, Prev: Functions, Up: Input Format - -3.1.4 Where to place directives for GNU `indent'. -------------------------------------------------- - - If you want to invoke GNU `indent' on a `gperf' input file, you will -see that GNU `indent' doesn't understand the `%%', `%{' and `%}' -directives that control `gperf''s interpretation of the input file. -Therefore you have to insert some directives for GNU `indent'. More -precisely, assuming the most general input file structure - - declarations part 1 - %{ - verbatim code - %} - declarations part 2 - %% - keywords - %% - functions - -you would insert `*INDENT-OFF*' and `*INDENT-ON*' comments as follows: - - /* *INDENT-OFF* */ - declarations part 1 - %{ - /* *INDENT-ON* */ - verbatim code - /* *INDENT-OFF* */ - %} - declarations part 2 - %% - keywords - %% - /* *INDENT-ON* */ - functions - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Output Format, Next: Binary Strings, Prev: Input Format, Up: Description - -3.2 Output Format for Generated C Code with `gperf' -=================================================== - - Several options control how the generated C code appears on the -standard output. Two C functions are generated. They are called -`hash' and `in_word_set', although you may modify their names with a -command-line option. Both functions require two arguments, a string, -`char *' STR, and a length parameter, `int' LEN. Their default -function prototypes are as follows: - - -- Function: unsigned int hash (const char * STR, unsigned int LEN) - By default, the generated `hash' function returns an integer value - created by adding LEN to several user-specified STR byte positions - indexed into an "associated values" table stored in a local static - array. The associated values table is constructed internally by - `gperf' and later output as a static local C array called - `hash_table'. The relevant selected positions (i.e. indices into - STR) are specified via the `-k' option when running `gperf', as - detailed in the _Options_ section below (*note Options::). - - -- Function: in_word_set (const char * STR, unsigned int LEN) - If STR is in the keyword set, returns a pointer to that keyword. - More exactly, if the option `-t' (or, equivalently, the - `%struct-type' declaration) was given, it returns a pointer to the - matching keyword's structure. Otherwise it returns `NULL'. - - If the option `-c' (or, equivalently, the `%compare-strncmp' -declaration) is not used, STR must be a NUL terminated string of -exactly length LEN. If `-c' (or, equivalently, the `%compare-strncmp' -declaration) is used, STR must simply be an array of LEN bytes and does -not need to be NUL terminated. - - The code generated for these two functions is affected by the -following options: - -`-t' -`--struct-type' - Make use of the user-defined `struct'. - -`-S TOTAL-SWITCH-STATEMENTS' -`--switch=TOTAL-SWITCH-STATEMENTS' - Generate 1 or more C `switch' statement rather than use a large, - (and potentially sparse) static array. Although the exact time and - space savings of this approach vary according to your C compiler's - degree of optimization, this method often results in smaller and - faster code. - - If the `-t' and `-S' options (or, equivalently, the `%struct-type' -and `%switch' declarations) are omitted, the default action is to -generate a `char *' array containing the keywords, together with -additional empty strings used for padding the array. By experimenting -with the various input and output options, and timing the resulting C -code, you can determine the best option choices for different keyword -set characteristics. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Binary Strings, Next: Output Copyright, Prev: Output Format, Up: Description - -3.3 Use of NUL bytes -==================== - - By default, the code generated by `gperf' operates on zero -terminated strings, the usual representation of strings in C. This -means that the keywords in the input file must not contain NUL bytes, -and the STR argument passed to `hash' or `in_word_set' must be NUL -terminated and have exactly length LEN. - - If option `-c' (or, equivalently, the `%compare-strncmp' -declaration) is used, then the STR argument does not need to be NUL -terminated. The code generated by `gperf' will only access the first -LEN, not LEN+1, bytes starting at STR. However, the keywords in the -input file still must not contain NUL bytes. - - If option `-l' (or, equivalently, the `%compare-lengths' -declaration) is used, then the hash table performs binary comparison. -The keywords in the input file may contain NUL bytes, written in string -syntax as `\000' or `\x00', and the code generated by `gperf' will -treat NUL like any other byte. Also, in this case the `-c' option (or, -equivalently, the `%compare-strncmp' declaration) is ignored. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Output Copyright, Prev: Binary Strings, Up: Description - -3.4 The Copyright of the Output -=============================== - - `gperf' is under GPL, but that does not cause the output produced by -`gperf' to be under GPL. The reason is that the output contains only -small pieces of text that come directly from `gperf''s source code - -only about 7 lines long, too small for being significant -, and -therefore the output is not a "work based on `gperf'" (in the sense of -the GPL version 3). - - On the other hand, the output produced by `gperf' contains -essentially all of the input file. Therefore the output is a -"derivative work" of the input (in the sense of U.S. copyright law); -and its copyright status depends on the copyright of the input. For -most software licenses, the result is that the the output is under the -same license, with the same copyright holder, as the input that was -passed to `gperf'. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Options, Next: Bugs, Prev: Description, Up: Top - -4 Invoking `gperf' -****************** - - There are _many_ options to `gperf'. They were added to make the -program more convenient for use with real applications. "On-line" help -is readily available via the `--help' option. Here is the complete -list of options. - -* Menu: - -* Output File:: Specifying the Location of the Output File -* Input Details:: Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File -* Output Language:: Specifying the Language for the Output Code -* Output Details:: Fine tuning Details in the Output Code -* Algorithmic Details:: Changing the Algorithms employed by `gperf' -* Verbosity:: Informative Output - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Output File, Next: Input Details, Prev: Options, Up: Options - -4.1 Specifying the Location of the Output File -============================================== - -`--output-file=FILE' - Allows you to specify the name of the file to which the output is - written to. - - The results are written to standard output if no output file is -specified or if it is `-'. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Input Details, Next: Output Language, Prev: Output File, Up: Options - -4.2 Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File -======================================================== - - These options are also available as declarations in the input file -(*note Gperf Declarations::). - -`-e KEYWORD-DELIMITER-LIST' -`--delimiters=KEYWORD-DELIMITER-LIST' - Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to - separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This - option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded - commas or newlines. One useful trick is to use -e'TAB', where TAB - is the literal tab character. - -`-t' -`--struct-type' - Allows you to include a `struct' type declaration for generated - code. Any text before a pair of consecutive `%%' is considered - part of the type declaration. Keywords and additional fields may - follow this, one group of fields per line. A set of examples for - generating perfect hash tables and functions for Ada, C, C++, - Pascal, Modula 2, Modula 3 and JavaScript reserved words are - distributed with this release. - -`--ignore-case' - Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The - string comparison will use a case insignificant character - comparison. Note that locale dependent case mappings are ignored. - This option is therefore not suitable if a properly - internationalized or locale aware case mapping should be used. - (For example, in a Turkish locale, the upper case equivalent of - the lowercase ASCII letter `i' is the non-ASCII character `capital - i with dot above'.) For this case, it is better to apply an - uppercase or lowercase conversion on the string before passing it - to the `gperf' generated function. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Output Language, Next: Output Details, Prev: Input Details, Up: Options - -4.3 Options to specify the Language for the Output Code -======================================================= - - These options are also available as declarations in the input file -(*note Gperf Declarations::). - -`-L GENERATED-LANGUAGE-NAME' -`--language=GENERATED-LANGUAGE-NAME' - Instructs `gperf' to generate code in the language specified by the - option's argument. Languages handled are currently: - - `KR-C' - Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C - compilers and ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag - warnings (or even errors) because of lacking `const'. - - `C' - Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, - and also by old-style C compilers, provided that you `#define - const' to empty for compilers which don't know about this - keyword. - - `ANSI-C' - ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers and - C++ compilers. - - `C++' - C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers. - - The default is ANSI-C. - -`-a' - This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases - of `gperf'. It does not do anything. - -`-g' - This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases - of `gperf'. It does not do anything. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Output Details, Next: Algorithmic Details, Prev: Output Language, Up: Options - -4.4 Options for fine tuning Details in the Output Code -====================================================== - - Most of these options are also available as declarations in the -input file (*note Gperf Declarations::). - -`-K SLOT-NAME' -`--slot-name=SLOT-NAME' - This option is only useful when option `-t' (or, equivalently, the - `%struct-type' declaration) has been given. By default, the - program assumes the structure component identifier for the keyword - is `name'. This option allows an arbitrary choice of identifier - for this component, although it still must occur as the first - field in your supplied `struct'. - -`-F INITIALIZERS' -`--initializer-suffix=INITIALIZERS' - This option is only useful when option `-t' (or, equivalently, the - `%struct-type' declaration) has been given. It permits to specify - initializers for the structure members following SLOT-NAME in - empty hash table entries. The list of initializers should start - with a comma. By default, the emitted code will zero-initialize - structure members following SLOT-NAME. - -`-H HASH-FUNCTION-NAME' -`--hash-function-name=HASH-FUNCTION-NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. - Default name is `hash'. This option permits the use of two hash - tables in the same file. - -`-N LOOKUP-FUNCTION-NAME' -`--lookup-function-name=LOOKUP-FUNCTION-NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function. - Default name is `in_word_set'. This option permits multiple - generated hash functions to be used in the same application. - -`-Z CLASS-NAME' -`--class-name=CLASS-NAME' - This option is only useful when option `-L C++' (or, equivalently, - the `%language=C++' declaration) has been given. It allows you to - specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is - `Perfect_Hash'. - -`-7' -`--seven-bit' - This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as - arguments to the generated hash function and the generated lookup - function will solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in - the range 0..127). (Note that the ANSI C functions `isalnum' and - `isgraph' do _not_ guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only - an explicit test like `c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'' guarantees this.) - This was the default in versions of `gperf' earlier than 2.7; now - the default is to support 8-bit and multibyte characters. - -`-l' -`--compare-lengths' - Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This - option is mandatory for binary comparisons (*note Binary - Strings::). It also might cut down on the number of string - comparisons made during the lookup, since keywords with different - lengths are never compared via `strcmp'. However, using `-l' - might greatly increase the size of the generated C code if the - lookup table range is large (which implies that the switch option - `-S' or `%switch' is not enabled), since the length table contains - as many elements as there are entries in the lookup table. - -`-c' -`--compare-strncmp' - Generates C code that uses the `strncmp' function to perform - string comparisons. The default action is to use `strcmp'. - -`-C' -`--readonly-tables' - Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e., - "readonly". Many compilers can generate more efficient code for - this by putting the tables in readonly memory. - -`-E' -`--enum' - Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function - rather than with #defines. This also means that different lookup - functions can reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark - `'. - -`-I' -`--includes' - Include the necessary system include file, `', at the - beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must - include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code. - -`-G' -`--global-table' - Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable, - rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the - default behavior). - -`-P' -`--pic' - Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. - This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library - containing the generated code. If the option `-t' (or, - equivalently, the `%struct-type' declaration) is also given, the - first field of the user-defined struct must be of type `int', not - `char *', because it will contain offsets into the string pool - instead of actual strings. To convert such an offset to a string, - you can use the expression `stringpool + O', where O is the - offset. The string pool name can be changed through the option - `--string-pool-name'. - -`-Q STRING-POOL-NAME' -`--string-pool-name=STRING-POOL-NAME' - Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool - created by option `-P'. The default name is `stringpool'. This - option permits the use of two hash tables in the same file, with - `-P' and even when the option `-G' (or, equivalently, the - `%global-table' declaration) is given. - -`--null-strings' - Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table - entries. This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared - library containing the generated code (but not as much as option - `-P'), at the expense of one more test-and-branch instruction at - run time. - -`-W HASH-TABLE-ARRAY-NAME' -`--word-array-name=HASH-TABLE-ARRAY-NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing - the hash table. Default name is `wordlist'. This option permits - the use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option - `-G' (or, equivalently, the `%global-table' declaration) is given. - -`--length-table-name=LENGTH-TABLE-ARRAY-NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing - the length table. Default name is `lengthtable'. This option - permits the use of two length tables in the same file, even when - the option `-G' (or, equivalently, the `%global-table' - declaration) is given. - -`-S TOTAL-SWITCH-STATEMENTS' -`--switch=TOTAL-SWITCH-STATEMENTS' - Causes the generated C code to use a `switch' statement scheme, - rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction - in both time and space requirements for some input files. The - argument to this option determines how many `switch' statements - are generated. A value of 1 generates 1 `switch' containing all - the elements, a value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the - elements in each `switch', etc. This is useful since many C - compilers cannot correctly generate code for large `switch' - statements. This option was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's - original C program. - -`-T' -`--omit-struct-type' - Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. - Use this option if the type is already defined elsewhere. - -`-p' - This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases - of `gperf'. It does not do anything. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Algorithmic Details, Next: Verbosity, Prev: Output Details, Up: Options - -4.5 Options for changing the Algorithms employed by `gperf' -=========================================================== - -`-k SELECTED-BYTE-POSITIONS' -`--key-positions=SELECTED-BYTE-POSITIONS' - Allows selection of the byte positions used in the keywords' hash - function. The allowable choices range between 1-255, inclusive. - The positions are separated by commas, e.g., `-k 9,4,13,14'; - ranges may be used, e.g., `-k 2-7'; and positions may occur in any - order. Furthermore, the wildcard '*' causes the generated hash - function to consider *all* byte positions in each keyword, whereas - '$' instructs the hash function to use the "final byte" of a - keyword (this is the only way to use a byte position greater than - 255, incidentally). - - For instance, the option `-k 1,2,4,6-10,'$'' generates a hash - function that considers positions 1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10, plus the last - byte in each keyword (which may be at a different position for each - keyword, obviously). Keywords with length less than the indicated - byte positions work properly, since selected byte positions - exceeding the keyword length are simply not referenced in the hash - function. - - This option is not normally needed since version 2.8 of `gperf'; - the default byte positions are computed depending on the keyword - set, through a search that minimizes the number of byte positions. - -`-D' -`--duplicates' - Handle keywords whose selected byte sets hash to duplicate values. - Duplicate hash values can occur if a set of keywords has the same - names, but possesses different attributes, or if the selected byte - positions are not well chosen. With the -D option `gperf' treats - all these keywords as part of an equivalence class and generates a - perfect hash function with multiple comparisons for duplicate - keywords. It is up to you to completely disambiguate the keywords - by modifying the generated C code. However, `gperf' helps you out - by organizing the output. - - Using this option usually means that the generated hash function - is no longer perfect. On the other hand, it permits `gperf' to - work on keyword sets that it otherwise could not handle. - -`-m ITERATIONS' -`--multiple-iterations=ITERATIONS' - Perform multiple choices of the `-i' and `-j' values, and choose - the best results. This increases the running time by a factor of - ITERATIONS but does a good job minimizing the generated table size. - -`-i INITIAL-VALUE' -`--initial-asso=INITIAL-VALUE' - Provides an initial VALUE for the associate values array. Default - is 0. Increasing the initial value helps inflate the final table - size, possibly leading to more time efficient keyword lookups. - Note that this option is not particularly useful when `-S' (or, - equivalently, `%switch') is used. Also, `-i' is overridden when - the `-r' option is used. - -`-j JUMP-VALUE' -`--jump=JUMP-VALUE' - Affects the "jump value", i.e., how far to advance the associated - byte value upon collisions. JUMP-VALUE is rounded up to an odd - number, the default is 5. If the JUMP-VALUE is 0 `gperf' jumps by - random amounts. - -`-n' -`--no-strlen' - Instructs the generator not to include the length of a keyword when - computing its hash value. This may save a few assembly - instructions in the generated lookup table. - -`-r' -`--random' - Utilizes randomness to initialize the associated values table. - This frequently generates solutions faster than using deterministic - initialization (which starts all associated values at 0). - Furthermore, using the randomization option generally increases - the size of the table. - -`-s SIZE-MULTIPLE' -`--size-multiple=SIZE-MULTIPLE' - Affects the size of the generated hash table. The numeric - argument for this option indicates "how many times larger or - smaller" the maximum associated value range should be, in - relationship to the number of keywords. It can be written as an - integer, a floating-point number or a fraction. For example, a - value of 3 means "allow the maximum associated value to be about 3 - times larger than the number of input keywords". Conversely, a - value of 1/3 means "allow the maximum associated value to be about - 3 times smaller than the number of input keywords". Values - smaller than 1 are useful for limiting the overall size of the - generated hash table, though the option `-m' is better at this - purpose. - - If `generate switch' option `-S' (or, equivalently, `%switch') is - _not_ enabled, the maximum associated value influences the static - array table size, and a larger table should decrease the time - required for an unsuccessful search, at the expense of extra table - space. - - The default value is 1, thus the default maximum associated value - about the same size as the number of keywords (for efficiency, the - maximum associated value is always rounded up to a power of 2). - The actual table size may vary somewhat, since this technique is - essentially a heuristic. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Verbosity, Prev: Algorithmic Details, Up: Options - -4.6 Informative Output -====================== - -`-h' -`--help' - Prints a short summary on the meaning of each program option. - Aborts further program execution. - -`-v' -`--version' - Prints out the current version number. - -`-d' -`--debug' - Enables the debugging option. This produces verbose diagnostics to - "standard error" when `gperf' is executing. It is useful both for - maintaining the program and for determining whether a given set of - options is actually speeding up the search for a solution. Some - useful information is dumped at the end of the program when the - `-d' option is enabled. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Bugs, Next: Projects, Prev: Options, Up: Top - -5 Known Bugs and Limitations with `gperf' -***************************************** - - The following are some limitations with the current release of -`gperf': - - * The `gperf' utility is tuned to execute quickly, and works quickly - for small to medium size data sets (around 1000 keywords). It is - extremely useful for maintaining perfect hash functions for - compiler keyword sets. Several recent enhancements now enable - `gperf' to work efficiently on much larger keyword sets (over - 15,000 keywords). When processing large keyword sets it helps - greatly to have over 8 megs of RAM. - - * The size of the generate static keyword array can get _extremely_ - large if the input keyword file is large or if the keywords are - quite similar. This tends to slow down the compilation of the - generated C code, and _greatly_ inflates the object code size. If - this situation occurs, consider using the `-S' option to reduce - data size, potentially increasing keyword recognition time a - negligible amount. Since many C compilers cannot correctly - generate code for large switch statements it is important to - qualify the -S option with an appropriate numerical argument that - controls the number of switch statements generated. - - * The maximum number of selected byte positions has an arbitrary - limit of 255. This restriction should be removed, and if anyone - considers this a problem write me and let me know so I can remove - the constraint. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Projects, Next: Bibliography, Prev: Bugs, Up: Top - -6 Things Still Left to Do -************************* - - It should be "relatively" easy to replace the current perfect hash -function algorithm with a more exhaustive approach; the perfect hash -module is essential independent from other program modules. Additional -worthwhile improvements include: - - * Another useful extension involves modifying the program to generate - "minimal" perfect hash functions (under certain circumstances, the - current version can be rather extravagant in the generated table - size). This is mostly of theoretical interest, since a sparse - table often produces faster lookups, and use of the `-S' `switch' - option can minimize the data size, at the expense of slightly - longer lookups (note that the gcc compiler generally produces good - code for `switch' statements, reducing the need for more complex - schemes). - - * In addition to improving the algorithm, it would also be useful to - generate an Ada package as the code output, in addition to the - current C and C++ routines. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Bibliography, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Projects, Up: Top - -7 Bibliography -************** - -[1] Chang, C.C.: A Scheme for Constructing Ordered Minimal Perfect -Hashing Functions Information Sciences 39(1986), 187-195. - -[2] Cichelli, Richard J. Author's Response to "On Cichelli's Minimal -Perfect Hash Functions Method" Communications of the ACM, 23, -12(December 1980), 729. - -[3] Cichelli, Richard J. Minimal Perfect Hash Functions Made Simple -Communications of the ACM, 23, 1(January 1980), 17-19. - -[4] Cook, C. R. and Oldehoeft, R.R. A Letter Oriented Minimal Perfect -Hashing Function SIGPLAN Notices, 17, 9(September 1982), 18-27. - -[5] Cormack, G. V. and Horspool, R. N. S. and Kaiserwerth, M. -Practical Perfect Hashing Computer Journal, 28, 1(January 1985), 54-58. - -[6] Jaeschke, G. Reciprocal Hashing: A Method for Generating Minimal -Perfect Hashing Functions Communications of the ACM, 24, 12(December -1981), 829-833. - -[7] Jaeschke, G. and Osterburg, G. On Cichelli's Minimal Perfect Hash -Functions Method Communications of the ACM, 23, 12(December 1980), -728-729. - -[8] Sager, Thomas J. A Polynomial Time Generator for Minimal Perfect -Hash Functions Communications of the ACM, 28, 5(December 1985), 523-532 - -[9] Schmidt, Douglas C. GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator Second -USENIX C++ Conference Proceedings, April 1990. - -[10] Schmidt, Douglas C. GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator C++ -Report, SIGS 10 10 (November/December 1998). - -[11] Sebesta, R.W. and Taylor, M.A. Minimal Perfect Hash Functions for -Reserved Word Lists SIGPLAN Notices, 20, 12(September 1985), 47-53. - -[12] Sprugnoli, R. Perfect Hashing Functions: A Single Probe Retrieving -Method for Static Sets Communications of the ACM, 20 11(November 1977), -841-850. - -[13] Stallman, Richard M. Using and Porting GNU CC Free Software -Foundation, 1988. - -[14] Stroustrup, Bjarne The C++ Programming Language. Addison-Wesley, -1986. - -[15] Tiemann, Michael D. User's Guide to GNU C++ Free Software -Foundation, 1989. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Bibliography, Up: Top - -Concept Index -************* - -[index] -* Menu: - -* %%: User-supplied Struct. - (line 33) -* %7bit: Gperf Declarations. (line 95) -* %compare-lengths: Gperf Declarations. (line 103) -* %compare-strncmp: Gperf Declarations. (line 115) -* %define class-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 89) -* %define hash-function-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 79) -* %define initializer-suffix: Gperf Declarations. (line 71) -* %define length-table-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 173) -* %define lookup-function-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 84) -* %define slot-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 63) -* %define string-pool-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 152) -* %define word-array-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 167) -* %delimiters: Gperf Declarations. (line 24) -* %enum: Gperf Declarations. (line 124) -* %global-table: Gperf Declarations. (line 135) -* %ignore-case: Gperf Declarations. (line 34) -* %includes: Gperf Declarations. (line 130) -* %language: Gperf Declarations. (line 39) -* %null-strings: Gperf Declarations. (line 160) -* %omit-struct-type: Gperf Declarations. (line 192) -* %pic: Gperf Declarations. (line 140) -* %readonly-tables: Gperf Declarations. (line 119) -* %struct-type: Gperf Declarations. (line 30) -* %switch: Gperf Declarations. (line 180) -* %{: C Code Inclusion. (line 6) -* %}: C Code Inclusion. (line 6) -* Array name: Output Details. (line 129) -* Bugs: Contributors. (line 6) -* Class name: Output Details. (line 41) -* Copyright: Output Copyright. (line 6) -* Declaration section: Input Format. (line 6) -* Delimiters: Input Details. (line 11) -* Duplicates: Algorithmic Details. (line 32) -* Format: Input Format. (line 6) -* Functions section: Input Format. (line 6) -* hash: Output Format. (line 14) -* hash table: Output Format. (line 6) -* in_word_set: Output Format. (line 24) -* Initializers: Output Details. (line 20) -* Jump value: Algorithmic Details. (line 63) -* Keywords section: Input Format. (line 6) -* Minimal perfect hash functions: Search Structures. (line 30) -* NUL: Binary Strings. (line 6) -* Slot name: Output Details. (line 11) -* Static search structure: Search Structures. (line 6) -* switch <1>: Output Details. (line 143) -* switch: Output Format. (line 44) - - - -Tag Table: -Node: Top1235 -Node: Copying3372 -Node: Contributors40913 -Node: Motivation42106 -Node: Search Structures43238 -Node: Description46797 -Node: Input Format48755 -Node: Declarations49900 -Node: User-supplied Struct50488 -Node: Gperf Declarations52103 -Node: C Code Inclusion60900 -Node: Keywords61743 -Node: Functions63691 -Node: Controls for GNU indent64229 -Node: Output Format65180 -Node: Binary Strings67975 -Node: Output Copyright69151 -Node: Options70090 -Node: Output File70879 -Node: Input Details71271 -Node: Output Language73110 -Node: Output Details74534 -Node: Algorithmic Details81801 -Node: Verbosity87058 -Node: Bugs87769 -Node: Projects89365 -Node: Bibliography90497 -Node: Concept Index92512 - -End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/gperf.pdf b/doc/gperf.pdf deleted file mode 100644 index edf3b90..0000000 Binary files a/doc/gperf.pdf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/doc/gperf.ps b/doc/gperf.ps deleted file mode 100644 index 3b36de0..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf.ps +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6348 +0,0 @@ -%!PS-Adobe-2.0 -%%Creator: dvips(k) 5.96 Copyright 2005 Radical Eye Software -%%Title: ./gperf.dvi -%%CreationDate: Sun Dec 20 11:01:54 2009 -%%Pages: 37 -%%PageOrder: Ascend -%%BoundingBox: 0 0 595 843 -%%DocumentFonts: CMBX12 CMTT12 CMR10 CMSY10 CMTT10 CMSLTT10 CMTT9 CMSL10 -%%+ CMTI10 CMSS10 CMB10 CMR9 CMMI9 CMMI12 CMMI10 -%%DocumentPaperSizes: a4 -%%EndComments -%DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com) -%DVIPSCommandLine: dvips -D600 -o gperf.ps ./gperf.dvi -%DVIPSParameters: dpi=600 -%DVIPSSource: TeX output 2009.12.20:1101 -%%BeginProcSet: tex.pro 0 0 -%! 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b(example,)f(Corresp)s(onding)e(Source)i(includes)f(in)m -(terface)i(de\014nition)330 1870 y(\014les)g(asso)s(ciated)i(with)d -(source)i(\014les)f(for)g(the)g(w)m(ork,)h(and)f(the)g(source)g(co)s -(de)h(for)e(shared)h(libraries)330 1979 y(and)g(dynamically)g(link)m -(ed)h(subprograms)e(that)h(the)h(w)m(ork)f(is)g(sp)s(eci\014cally)h -(designed)f(to)h(require,)330 2089 y(suc)m(h)k(as)g(b)m(y)g(in)m -(timate)i(data)e(comm)m(unication)i(or)e(con)m(trol)h(\015o)m(w)f(b)s -(et)m(w)m(een)h(those)f(subprograms)330 2198 y(and)30 -b(other)g(parts)g(of)h(the)g(w)m(ork.)330 2345 y(The)h(Corresp)s -(onding)f(Source)i(need)f(not)h(include)f(an)m(ything)i(that)f(users)f -(can)h(regenerate)h(auto-)330 2454 y(matically)e(from)e(other)h(parts)f -(of)h(the)f(Corresp)s(onding)f(Source.)330 2600 y(The)h(Corresp)s -(onding)e(Source)j(for)f(a)h(w)m(ork)f(in)g(source)h(co)s(de)f(form)g -(is)h(that)f(same)h(w)m(ork.)199 2746 y(2.)61 b(Basic)32 -b(P)m(ermissions.)330 2892 y(All)44 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y(conditions)30 b(so)f(long)h(as)g(y)m(our)f -(license)h(otherwise)g(remains)f(in)g(force.)41 b(Y)-8 -b(ou)30 b(ma)m(y)f(con)m(v)m(ey)i(co)m(v)m(ered)330 3806 -y(w)m(orks)40 b(to)g(others)g(for)g(the)g(sole)g(purp)s(ose)e(of)i(ha)m -(ving)h(them)e(mak)m(e)i(mo)s(di\014cations)f(exclusiv)m(ely)330 -3915 y(for)45 b(y)m(ou,)50 b(or)45 b(pro)m(vide)h(y)m(ou)f(with)g -(facilities)j(for)d(running)f(those)h(w)m(orks,)50 b(pro)m(vided)45 -b(that)h(y)m(ou)330 4025 y(comply)34 b(with)f(the)h(terms)f(of)h(this)f -(License)i(in)e(con)m(v)m(eying)i(all)g(material)g(for)e(whic)m(h)g(y)m -(ou)h(do)g(not)330 4134 y(con)m(trol)i(cop)m(yrigh)m(t.)55 -b(Those)35 b(th)m(us)f(making)h(or)g(running)e(the)i(co)m(v)m(ered)h(w) -m(orks)f(for)f(y)m(ou)h(m)m(ust)g(do)330 4244 y(so)29 -b(exclusiv)m(ely)h(on)e(y)m(our)g(b)s(ehalf,)h(under)d(y)m(our)j -(direction)g(and)f(con)m(trol,)i(on)e(terms)h(that)g(prohibit)330 -4354 y(them)35 b(from)g(making)g(an)m(y)h(copies)g(of)f(y)m(our)h(cop)m 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y(sa)m(ying)h(where)f(to)h(\014nd)d(the)i -(Corresp)s(onding)f(Source.)55 b(Regardless)35 b(of)h(what)f(serv)m(er) -g(hosts)510 3011 y(the)e(Corresp)s(onding)e(Source,)j(y)m(ou)f(remain)f -(obligated)j(to)e(ensure)f(that)i(it)f(is)g(a)m(v)-5 -b(ailable)35 b(for)510 3121 y(as)c(long)g(as)f(needed)g(to)h(satisfy)g -(these)g(requiremen)m(ts.)384 3258 y(e.)61 b(Con)m(v)m(ey)24 -b(the)g(ob)5 b(ject)24 b(co)s(de)f(using)g(p)s(eer-to-p)s(eer)h -(transmission,)g(pro)m(vided)f(y)m(ou)h(inform)f(other)510 -3367 y(p)s(eers)d(where)g(the)h(ob)5 b(ject)22 b(co)s(de)f(and)f -(Corresp)s(onding)f(Source)i(of)g(the)g(w)m(ork)g(are)g(b)s(eing)g -(o\013ered)510 3477 y(to)31 b(the)g(general)g(public)f(at)h(no)f(c)m -(harge)i(under)d(subsection)h(6d.)330 3641 y(A)35 b(separable)f(p)s -(ortion)g(of)h(the)g(ob)5 b(ject)35 b(co)s(de,)h(whose)e(source)h(co)s -(de)g(is)f(excluded)g(from)g(the)h(Cor-)330 3751 y(resp)s(onding)c -(Source)h(as)h(a)g(System)f(Library)-8 b(,)33 b(need)f(not)h(b)s(e)e 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y(gran)m(ted)c(under)e(the)h(third)g(paragraph)g(of)g(section)i -(11\).)330 3376 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)j(if)e(y)m(ou)f(cease)i(all)f -(violation)i(of)d(this)g(License,)i(then)e(y)m(our)h(license)g(from)f -(a)h(particular)330 3485 y(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)k(holder)e(is)h(reinstated)h -(\(a\))f(pro)m(visionally)-8 b(,)39 b(unless)c(and)g(un)m(til)h(the)g -(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)h(holder)330 3595 y(explicitly)42 b(and)e(\014nally)h -(terminates)g(y)m(our)g(license,)j(and)c(\(b\))h(p)s(ermanen)m(tly)-8 -b(,)43 b(if)e(the)g(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)330 3705 y(holder)34 -b(fails)h(to)g(notify)g(y)m(ou)g(of)f(the)h(violation)h(b)m(y)e(some)h -(reasonable)g(means)g(prior)e(to)i(60)h(da)m(ys)330 3814 -y(after)31 b(the)f(cessation.)330 3949 y(Moreo)m(v)m(er,)k(y)m(our)d -(license)i(from)e(a)h(particular)f(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)i(holder)e(is)h -(reinstated)g(p)s(ermanen)m(tly)f(if)330 4059 y(the)d(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)h -(holder)f(noti\014es)g(y)m(ou)g(of)g(the)g(violation)h(b)m(y)f(some)g 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y(transaction)g(who)d(receiv)m(es)k(a)d(cop)m -(y)i(of)e(the)h(w)m(ork)f(also)i(receiv)m(es)g(whatev)m(er)f(licenses)g -(to)g(the)g(w)m(ork)330 1789 y(the)d(part)m(y's)g(predecessor)g(in)g -(in)m(terest)h(had)e(or)h(could)g(giv)m(e)h(under)e(the)h(previous)f -(paragraph,)i(plus)330 1899 y(a)31 b(righ)m(t)g(to)h(p)s(ossession)e -(of)h(the)g(Corresp)s(onding)e(Source)i(of)g(the)f(w)m(ork)h(from)g -(the)g(predecessor)f(in)330 2008 y(in)m(terest,)i(if)e(the)h -(predecessor)f(has)g(it)h(or)f(can)h(get)h(it)e(with)h(reasonable)g -(e\013orts.)330 2140 y(Y)-8 b(ou)36 b(ma)m(y)g(not)g(imp)s(ose)f(an)m -(y)h(further)e(restrictions)j(on)e(the)h(exercise)g(of)g(the)g(righ)m -(ts)g(gran)m(ted)g(or)330 2250 y(a\016rmed)27 b(under)f(this)h -(License.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)28 b(example,)h(y)m(ou)f(ma)m(y)g(not)g(imp)s -(ose)f(a)h(license)g(fee,)h(ro)m(y)m(alt)m(y)-8 b(,)31 -b(or)330 2359 y(other)d(c)m(harge)g(for)g(exercise)h(of)e(righ)m(ts)h 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b(con)m(tributor,)j(whether)d(already)g(acquired)g -(or)h(hereafter)f(acquired,)j(that)d(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e)g(infringed)330 -3521 y(b)m(y)27 b(some)h(manner,)g(p)s(ermitted)f(b)m(y)g(this)h -(License,)h(of)e(making,)i(using,)f(or)f(selling)i(its)f(con)m -(tributor)330 3630 y(v)m(ersion,)40 b(but)c(do)i(not)f(include)g -(claims)i(that)f(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)f(infringed)h(only)g(as)h(a)g -(consequence)g(of)330 3740 y(further)33 b(mo)s(di\014cation)h(of)g(the) -g(con)m(tributor)g(v)m(ersion.)52 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(purp)s(oses)e(of)i -(this)g(de\014nition,)h(\\con-)330 3850 y(trol")40 b(includes)f(the)g -(righ)m(t)h(to)f(gran)m(t)h(paten)m(t)g(sublicenses)f(in)g(a)g(manner)g -(consisten)m(t)h(with)f(the)330 3959 y(requiremen)m(ts)30 -b(of)h(this)f(License.)330 4091 y(Eac)m(h)44 b(con)m(tributor)h(gran)m -(ts)f(y)m(ou)g(a)h(non-exclusiv)m(e,)j(w)m(orldwide,)f(ro)m(y)m(alt)m -(y-free)g(paten)m(t)e(license)330 4200 y(under)26 b(the)h(con)m 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y(License,)j(to)f(extend)g(the)f(paten)m(t)h(license)h(to)f(do)m -(wnstream)f(recipien)m(ts.)56 b(\\Kno)m(wingly)36 b(relying")330 -628 y(means)31 b(y)m(ou)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(actual)h(kno)m(wledge)f(that,)g -(but)f(for)g(the)g(paten)m(t)i(license,)f(y)m(our)g(con)m(v)m(eying)h -(the)330 737 y(co)m(v)m(ered)40 b(w)m(ork)e(in)g(a)g(coun)m(try)-8 -b(,)41 b(or)e(y)m(our)f(recipien)m(t's)h(use)f(of)g(the)h(co)m(v)m -(ered)g(w)m(ork)g(in)e(a)i(coun)m(try)-8 b(,)330 847 -y(w)m(ould)35 b(infringe)g(one)g(or)g(more)g(iden)m(ti\014able)h(paten) -m(ts)g(in)f(that)h(coun)m(try)f(that)h(y)m(ou)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(reason)330 -956 y(to)31 b(b)s(eliev)m(e)h(are)e(v)-5 b(alid.)330 -1121 y(If,)31 b(pursuan)m(t)e(to)j(or)e(in)h(connection)h(with)e(a)h -(single)h(transaction)g(or)f(arrangemen)m(t,)h(y)m(ou)f(con)m(v)m(ey)-8 -b(,)330 1230 y(or)35 b(propagate)h(b)m(y)e(pro)s(curing)g(con)m(v)m(ey) -m(ance)j(of,)g(a)e(co)m(v)m(ered)h(w)m(ork,)g(and)f(gran)m(t)g(a)g -(paten)m(t)h(license)330 1340 y(to)c(some)f(of)h(the)f(parties)h -(receiving)g(the)f(co)m(v)m(ered)i(w)m(ork)e(authorizing)h(them)f(to)h -(use,)g(propagate,)330 1450 y(mo)s(dify)26 b(or)h(con)m(v)m(ey)h(a)g -(sp)s(eci\014c)e(cop)m(y)i(of)f(the)g(co)m(v)m(ered)i(w)m(ork,)f(then)e -(the)h(paten)m(t)h(license)g(y)m(ou)f(gran)m(t)330 1559 -y(is)j(automatically)k(extended)c(to)h(all)g(recipien)m(ts)h(of)e(the)h -(co)m(v)m(ered)h(w)m(ork)e(and)g(w)m(orks)g(based)g(on)h(it.)330 -1724 y(A)d(paten)m(t)g(license)h(is)e(\\discriminatory")i(if)e(it)h(do) -s(es)f(not)h(include)f(within)g(the)h(scop)s(e)f(of)h(its)g(co)m(v)m -(er-)330 1833 y(age,)f(prohibits)c(the)h(exercise)h(of,)h(or)d(is)h -(conditioned)h(on)f(the)g(non-exercise)h(of)f(one)g(or)g(more)g(of)g -(the)330 1943 y(righ)m(ts)32 b(that)g(are)g(sp)s(eci\014cally)h(gran)m -(ted)f(under)e(this)i(License.)45 b(Y)-8 b(ou)32 b(ma)m(y)g(not)g(con)m -(v)m(ey)h(a)f(co)m(v)m(ered)330 2052 y(w)m(ork)d(if)g(y)m(ou)g(are)h(a) 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    12. Patents. - -A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this -License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The -work thus licensed is called the contributor's “contributor version”. - -A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned -or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or -hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted -by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, -but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a -consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For -purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant -patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of -this License. - -Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free -patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to -make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and -propagate the contents of its contributor version. - -In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express -agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent -(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to -sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a -party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a -patent against the party. - -If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, -and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone -to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a -publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, -then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so -available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the -patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner -consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent -license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have -actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the -covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work -in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that -country that you have reason to believe are valid. - -If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or -arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a -covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties -receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify -or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license -you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered -work and works based on it. - -A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within the -scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on -the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically -granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you -are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the -business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the -third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the -work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties -who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent -license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by -you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in -connection with specific products or compilations that contain the -covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent -license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007. - -Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting -any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may -otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law. - -
    13. No Surrender of Others' Freedom. - -If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or -otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not -excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey -a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under -this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a -consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree -to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying -from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could -satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely -from conveying the Program. - -
    14. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License. - -Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have -permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed -under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single -combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this -License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, -but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, -section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the -combination as such. - -
    15. Revised Versions of this License. - -The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions -of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new -versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may -differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. - -Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program -specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public -License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of -following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or -of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If -the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General -Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free -Software Foundation. - -If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions -of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public -statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to -choose that version for the Program. - -Later license versions may give you additional or different -permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any -author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a -later version. - -
    16. Disclaimer of Warranty. - -THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY -APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT -HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT -WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT -LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR -A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND -PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE -DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR -CORRECTION. - -
    17. Limitation of Liability. - -IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING -WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR -CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, -INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES -ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT -NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR -LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM -TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER -PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. - -
    18. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. - -If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided -above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, -reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates -an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the -Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a -copy of the Program in return for a fee. - -
    - - -

    1.2 END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

    - - -

    1.3 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

    - -

    -If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest -possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it -free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these -terms. - -

    -

    -To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest -to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively -state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least -the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. - -

    - -
    -one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.
-Copyright (C) year name of author
-
-This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
-your option) any later version.
-
-This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
-WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
-General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
-
    - -

    -Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. - -

    -

    -If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short -notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: - -

    - -
    -program Copyright (C) year name of author
-This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’.
-This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
-under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.
-
    - -

    -The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show -the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your -program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would -use an “about box”. - -

    -

    -You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, -if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. -For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see -http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. - -

    -

    -The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your -program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine -library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary -applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use -the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But -first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html. - -

    -

    -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. - - diff --git a/doc/gperf_10.html b/doc/gperf_10.html deleted file mode 100644 index a3d3e17..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_10.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,135 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Perfect Hash Function Generator - Concept Index - - -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. -

    - - -

    Concept Index

    - -

    -Jump to: -& -- -a -- -b -- -c -- -d -- -f -- -h -- -i -- -j -- -k -- -m -- -n -- -s -

    -

    &

    - -
  • ‘%%’ -
  • ‘%7bit’ -
  • ‘%compare-lengths’ -
  • ‘%compare-strncmp’ -
  • ‘%define class-name’ -
  • ‘%define hash-function-name’ -
  • ‘%define initializer-suffix’ -
  • ‘%define length-table-name’ -
  • ‘%define lookup-function-name’ -
  • ‘%define slot-name’ -
  • ‘%define string-pool-name’ -
  • ‘%define word-array-name’ -
  • ‘%delimiters’ -
  • ‘%enum’ -
  • ‘%global-table’ -
  • ‘%ignore-case’ -
  • ‘%includes’ -
  • ‘%language’ -
  • ‘%null-strings’ -
  • ‘%omit-struct-type’ -
  • ‘%pic’ -
  • ‘%readonly-tables’ -
  • ‘%struct-type’ -
  • ‘%switch’ -
  • ‘%{’ -
  • ‘%}’ -
    •  -

    a

    - -
  • Array name, Array name -
    •  -

    b

    - -
  • Bugs -
    •  -

    c

    - -
  • Class name -
  • Copyright -
    •  -

    d

    - -
  • Declaration section -
  • Delimiters -
  • Duplicates -
    •  -

    f

    - -
  • Format -
  • Functions section -
    •  -

    h

    - -
  • hash -
  • hash table -
    •  -

    i

    - -
  • in_word_set -
  • Initializers -
    •  -

    j

    - -
  • Jump value -
    •  -

    k

    - -
  • Keywords section -
    •  -

    m

    - -
  • Minimal perfect hash functions -
    •  -

    n

    - -
  • NUL -
    •  -

    s

    - -
  • Slot name -
  • Static search structure -
  • switch, switch -
    •  - -

    - -

    -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. - - diff --git a/doc/gperf_2.html b/doc/gperf_2.html deleted file mode 100644 index 1a57404..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_2.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Perfect Hash Function Generator - Contributors to GNU gperf Utility - - -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. -

    - - -

    Contributors to GNU gperf Utility

    - - -
      -
    • - - -The GNU gperf perfect hash function generator utility was -written in GNU C++ by Douglas C. Schmidt. The general -idea for the perfect hash function generator was inspired by Keith -Bostic's algorithm written in C, and distributed to net.sources around -1984. The current program is a heavily modified, enhanced, and extended -implementation of Keith's basic idea, created at the University of -California, Irvine. Bugs, patches, and suggestions should be reported -to <bug-gnu-gperf@gnu.org>. - -
    • - -Special thanks is extended to Michael Tiemann and Doug Lea, for -providing a useful compiler, and for giving me a forum to exhibit my -creation. - -In addition, Adam de Boor and Nels Olson provided many tips and insights -that greatly helped improve the quality and functionality of gperf. - -
    • - -Bruno Haible enhanced and optimized the search algorithm. He also rewrote -the input routines and the output routines for better reliability, and -added a testsuite. -
    - -

    -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. - - diff --git a/doc/gperf_3.html b/doc/gperf_3.html deleted file mode 100644 index c587a69..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_3.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,42 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Perfect Hash Function Generator - 2 Introduction - - -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. -

    - - -

    2 Introduction

    - -

    -gperf is a perfect hash function generator written in C++. It -transforms an n element user-specified keyword set W into a -perfect hash function F. F uniquely maps keywords in -W onto the range 0..k, where k >= n-1. If k -= n-1 then F is a minimal perfect hash function. -gperf generates a 0..k element static lookup table and a -pair of C functions. These functions determine whether a given -character string s occurs in W, using at most one probe into -the lookup table. - -

    -

    -gperf currently generates the reserved keyword recognizer for -lexical analyzers in several production and research compilers and -language processing tools, including GNU C, GNU C++, GNU Java, GNU Pascal, -GNU Modula 3, and GNU indent. Complete C++ source code for gperf is -available from http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/gperf/. -A paper describing gperf's design and implementation in greater -detail is available in the Second USENIX C++ Conference proceedings -or from http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/resume.html. - -

    -

    -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. - - diff --git a/doc/gperf_4.html b/doc/gperf_4.html deleted file mode 100644 index 8aab740..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_4.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,99 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Perfect Hash Function Generator - 3 Static search structures and GNU gperf - - -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. -

    - - -

    3 Static search structures and GNU gperf

    -

    - - -

    -

    -A static search structure is an Abstract Data Type with certain -fundamental operations, e.g., initialize, insert, -and retrieve. Conceptually, all insertions occur before any -retrievals. In practice, gperf generates a static array -containing search set keywords and any associated attributes specified -by the user. Thus, there is essentially no execution-time cost for the -insertions. It is a useful data structure for representing static -search sets. Static search sets occur frequently in software system -applications. Typical static search sets include compiler reserved -words, assembler instruction opcodes, and built-in shell interpreter -commands. Search set members, called keywords, are inserted into -the structure only once, usually during program initialization, and are -not generally modified at run-time. - -

    -

    -Numerous static search structure implementations exist, e.g., -arrays, linked lists, binary search trees, digital search tries, and -hash tables. Different approaches offer trade-offs between space -utilization and search time efficiency. For example, an n element -sorted array is space efficient, though the average-case time -complexity for retrieval operations using binary search is -proportional to log n. Conversely, hash table implementations -often locate a table entry in constant time, but typically impose -additional memory overhead and exhibit poor worst case performance. - -

    -

    - -Minimal perfect hash functions provide an optimal solution for a -particular class of static search sets. A minimal perfect hash -function is defined by two properties: - -

    - -
      -
    • - -It allows keyword recognition in a static search set using at most -one probe into the hash table. This represents the “perfect” -property. -
    • - -The actual memory allocated to store the keywords is precisely large -enough for the keyword set, and no larger. This is the -“minimal” property. -
    - -

    -For most applications it is far easier to generate perfect hash -functions than minimal perfect hash functions. Moreover, -non-minimal perfect hash functions frequently execute faster than -minimal ones in practice. This phenomena occurs since searching a -sparse keyword table increases the probability of locating a “null” -entry, thereby reducing string comparisons. gperf's default -behavior generates near-minimal perfect hash functions for -keyword sets. However, gperf provides many options that permit -user control over the degree of minimality and perfection. - -

    -

    -Static search sets often exhibit relative stability over time. For -example, Ada's 63 reserved words have remained constant for nearly a -decade. It is therefore frequently worthwhile to expend concerted -effort building an optimal search structure once, if it -subsequently receives heavy use multiple times. gperf removes -the drudgery associated with constructing time- and space-efficient -search structures by hand. It has proven a useful and practical tool -for serious programming projects. Output from gperf is currently -used in several production and research compilers, including GNU C, GNU -C++, GNU Java, GNU Pascal, and GNU Modula 3. The latter two compilers are -not yet part of the official GNU distribution. Each compiler utilizes -gperf to automatically generate static search structures that -efficiently identify their respective reserved keywords. - -

    -

    -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. - - diff --git a/doc/gperf_5.html b/doc/gperf_5.html deleted file mode 100644 index 3f97b93..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_5.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,720 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Perfect Hash Function Generator - 4 High-Level Description of GNU gperf - - -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. -

    - - -

    4 High-Level Description of GNU gperf

    - -

    -The perfect hash function generator gperf reads a set of -“keywords” from an input file (or from the standard input by -default). It attempts to derive a perfect hashing function that -recognizes a member of the static keyword set with at most a -single probe into the lookup table. If gperf succeeds in -generating such a function it produces a pair of C source code routines -that perform hashing and table lookup recognition. All generated C code -is directed to the standard output. Command-line options described -below allow you to modify the input and output format to gperf. - -

    -

    -By default, gperf attempts to produce time-efficient code, with -less emphasis on efficient space utilization. However, several options -exist that permit trading-off execution time for storage space and vice -versa. In particular, expanding the generated table size produces a -sparse search structure, generally yielding faster searches. -Conversely, you can direct gperf to utilize a C switch -statement scheme that minimizes data space storage size. Furthermore, -using a C switch may actually speed up the keyword retrieval time -somewhat. Actual results depend on your C compiler, of course. - -

    -

    -In general, gperf assigns values to the bytes it is using -for hashing until some set of values gives each keyword a unique value. -A helpful heuristic is that the larger the hash value range, the easier -it is for gperf to find and generate a perfect hash function. -Experimentation is the key to getting the most from gperf. - -

    - - -

    4.1 Input Format to gperf

    -

    - - - - -You can control the input file format by varying certain command-line -arguments, in particular the ‘-t’ option. The input's appearance -is similar to GNU utilities flex and bison (or UNIX -utilities lex and yacc). Here's an outline of the general -format: - -

    - -
    -declarations
-%%
-keywords
-%%
-functions
-
    - -

    -Unlike flex or bison, the declarations section and -the functions section are optional. The following sections describe the -input format for each section. - -

    - -

    -It is possible to omit the declaration section entirely, if the ‘-t’ -option is not given. In this case the input file begins directly with the -first keyword line, e.g.: - -

    - -
    -january
-february
-march
-april
-...
-
    - - - -

    4.1.1 Declarations

    - -

    -The keyword input file optionally contains a section for including -arbitrary C declarations and definitions, gperf declarations that -act like command-line options, as well as for providing a user-supplied -struct. - -

    - - - -

    4.1.1.1 User-supplied struct

    - -

    -If the ‘-t’ option (or, equivalently, the ‘%struct-type’ declaration) -is enabled, you must provide a C struct as the last -component in the declaration section from the input file. The first -field in this struct must be of type char * or const char * -if the ‘-P’ option is not given, or of type int if the option -‘-P’ (or, equivalently, the ‘%pic’ declaration) is enabled. -This first field must be called ‘name’, although it is possible to modify -its name with the ‘-K’ option (or, equivalently, the -‘%define slot-name’ declaration) described below. - -

    -

    -Here is a simple example, using months of the year and their attributes as -input: - -

    - -
    -struct month { char *name; int number; int days; int leap_days; };
-%%
-january,   1, 31, 31
-february,  2, 28, 29
-march,     3, 31, 31
-april,     4, 30, 30
-may,       5, 31, 31
-june,      6, 30, 30
-july,      7, 31, 31
-august,    8, 31, 31
-september, 9, 30, 30
-october,  10, 31, 31
-november, 11, 30, 30
-december, 12, 31, 31
-
    - -

    - -Separating the struct declaration from the list of keywords and -other fields are a pair of consecutive percent signs, ‘%%’, -appearing left justified in the first column, as in the UNIX utility -lex. - -

    -

    -If the struct has already been declared in an include file, it can -be mentioned in an abbreviated form, like this: - -

    - -
    -struct month;
-%%
-january,   1, 31, 31
-...
-
    - - - -

    4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations

    - -

    -The declaration section can contain gperf declarations. They -influence the way gperf works, like command line options do. -In fact, every such declaration is equivalent to a command line option. -There are three forms of declarations: - -

    - -
      -
    1. - -Declarations without argument, like ‘%compare-lengths’. - -
    2. - -Declarations with an argument, like ‘%switch=count’. - -
    3. - -Declarations of names of entities in the output file, like -‘%define lookup-function-name name’. -
    - -

    -When a declaration is given both in the input file and as a command line -option, the command-line option's value prevails. - -

    -

    -The following gperf declarations are available. - -

    -
    - -
    ‘%delimiters=delimiter-list’ -
    - -Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to -separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This -option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded -commas or newlines. - -
    ‘%struct-type’ -
    - -Allows you to include a struct type declaration for generated -code; see above for an example. - -
    ‘%ignore-case’ -
    - -Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The string -comparison will use a case insignificant character comparison. Note that -locale dependent case mappings are ignored. - -
    ‘%language=language-name’ -
    - -Instructs gperf to generate code in the language specified by the -option's argument. Languages handled are currently: - -
    - -
    ‘KR-C’ -
    -Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C compilers and -ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag warnings (or even errors) -because of lacking ‘const’. - -
    ‘C’ -
    -Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, and also by -old-style C compilers, provided that you #define const to empty -for compilers which don't know about this keyword. - -
    ‘ANSI-C’ -
    -ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C (C89, ISO C90) compilers, -ISO C99 compilers, and C++ compilers. - -
    ‘C++’ -
    -C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers. -
    - -The default is ANSI-C. - -
    ‘%define slot-name name’ -
    - -This declaration is only useful when option ‘-t’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) has been given. -By default, the program assumes the structure component identifier for -the keyword is ‘name’. This option allows an arbitrary choice of -identifier for this component, although it still must occur as the first -field in your supplied struct. - -
    ‘%define initializer-suffix initializers’ -
    - -This declaration is only useful when option ‘-t’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) has been given. -It permits to specify initializers for the structure members following -slot-name in empty hash table entries. The list of initializers -should start with a comma. By default, the emitted code will -zero-initialize structure members following slot-name. - -
    ‘%define hash-function-name name’ -
    - -Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. Default -name is ‘hash’. This option permits the use of two hash tables in -the same file. - -
    ‘%define lookup-function-name name’ -
    - -Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function. -Default name is ‘in_word_set’. This option permits multiple -generated hash functions to be used in the same application. - -
    ‘%define class-name name’ -
    - -This option is only useful when option ‘-L C++’ (or, equivalently, -the ‘%language=C++’ declaration) has been given. It -allows you to specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is -Perfect_Hash. - -
    ‘%7bit’ -
    - -This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as arguments -to the generated hash function and the generated lookup function will -solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in the range 0..127). -(Note that the ANSI C functions isalnum and isgraph do -not guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only an explicit -test like ‘c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'’ guarantees this.) - -
    ‘%compare-lengths’ -
    - -Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This option -is mandatory for binary comparisons (see section 4.3 Use of NUL bytes). It also might -cut down on the number of string comparisons made during the lookup, since -keywords with different lengths are never compared via strcmp. -However, using ‘%compare-lengths’ might greatly increase the size of the -generated C code if the lookup table range is large (which implies that -the switch option ‘-S’ or ‘%switch’ is not enabled), since the length -table contains as many elements as there are entries in the lookup table. - -
    ‘%compare-strncmp’ -
    - -Generates C code that uses the strncmp function to perform -string comparisons. The default action is to use strcmp. - -
    ‘%readonly-tables’ -
    - -Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e., -“readonly”. Many compilers can generate more efficient code for this -by putting the tables in readonly memory. - -
    ‘%enum’ -
    - -Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function rather -than with #defines. This also means that different lookup functions can -reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark <jjc@ai.mit.edu>. - -
    ‘%includes’ -
    - -Include the necessary system include file, <string.h>, at the -beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must -include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code. - -
    ‘%global-table’ -
    - -Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable, -rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the -default behavior). - -
    ‘%pic’ -
    - -Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. This -reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code. If the ‘%struct-type’ declaration (or, -equivalently, the option ‘-t’) is also given, the first field of the -user-defined struct must be of type ‘int’, not ‘char *’, because -it will contain offsets into the string pool instead of actual strings. -To convert such an offset to a string, you can use the expression -‘stringpool + o’, where o is the offset. The string pool -name can be changed through the ‘%define string-pool-name’ declaration. - -
    ‘%define string-pool-name name’ -
    - -Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool created by -the declaration ‘%pic’ (or, equivalently, the option ‘-P’). -The default name is ‘stringpool’. This declaration permits the use of -two hash tables in the same file, with ‘%pic’ and even when the -‘%global-table’ declaration (or, equivalently, the option ‘-G’) -is given. - -
    ‘%null-strings’ -
    - -Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table entries. -This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code (but not as much as the declaration ‘%pic’), at the -expense of one more test-and-branch instruction at run time. - -
    ‘%define word-array-name name’ -
    - -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -hash table. Default name is ‘wordlist’. This option permits the -use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option ‘-G’ -(or, equivalently, the ‘%global-table’ declaration) is given. - -
    ‘%define length-table-name name’ -
    - -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -length table. Default name is ‘lengthtable’. This option permits the -use of two length tables in the same file, even when the option ‘-G’ -(or, equivalently, the ‘%global-table’ declaration) is given. - -
    ‘%switch=count’ -
    - -Causes the generated C code to use a switch statement scheme, -rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction in both -time and space requirements for some input files. The argument to this -option determines how many switch statements are generated. A -value of 1 generates 1 switch containing all the elements, a -value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the elements in each -switch, etc. This is useful since many C compilers cannot -correctly generate code for large switch statements. This option -was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's original C program. - -
    ‘%omit-struct-type’ -
    - -Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. Use -this option if the type is already defined elsewhere. -
    - - - -

    4.1.1.3 C Code Inclusion

    - -

    - - -Using a syntax similar to GNU utilities flex and bison, it -is possible to directly include C source text and comments verbatim into -the generated output file. This is accomplished by enclosing the region -inside left-justified surrounding ‘%{’, ‘%}’ pairs. Here is -an input fragment based on the previous example that illustrates this -feature: - -

    - -
    -%{
-#include <assert.h>
-/* This section of code is inserted directly into the output. */
-int return_month_days (struct month *months, int is_leap_year);
-%}
-struct month { char *name; int number; int days; int leap_days; };
-%%
-january,   1, 31, 31
-february,  2, 28, 29
-march,     3, 31, 31
-...
-
    - - - -

    4.1.2 Format for Keyword Entries

    - -

    -The second input file format section contains lines of keywords and any -associated attributes you might supply. A line beginning with ‘#’ -in the first column is considered a comment. Everything following the -‘#’ is ignored, up to and including the following newline. A line -beginning with ‘%’ in the first column is an option declaration and -must not occur within the keywords section. - -

    -

    -The first field of each non-comment line is always the keyword itself. It -can be given in two ways: as a simple name, i.e., without surrounding -string quotation marks, or as a string enclosed in double-quotes, in -C syntax, possibly with backslash escapes like \" or \234 -or \xa8. In either case, it must start right at the beginning -of the line, without leading whitespace. -In this context, a “field” is considered to extend up to, but -not include, the first blank, comma, or newline. Here is a simple -example taken from a partial list of C reserved words: - -

    - -
    -# These are a few C reserved words, see the c.gperf file 
-# for a complete list of ANSI C reserved words.
-unsigned
-sizeof
-switch
-signed
-if
-default
-for
-while
-return
-
    - -

    -Note that unlike flex or bison the first ‘%%’ marker -may be elided if the declaration section is empty. - -

    -

    -Additional fields may optionally follow the leading keyword. Fields -should be separated by commas, and terminate at the end of line. What -these fields mean is entirely up to you; they are used to initialize the -elements of the user-defined struct provided by you in the -declaration section. If the ‘-t’ option (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) is not enabled -these fields are simply ignored. All previous examples except the last -one contain keyword attributes. - -

    - - -

    4.1.3 Including Additional C Functions

    - -

    -The optional third section also corresponds closely with conventions -found in flex and bison. All text in this section, -starting at the final ‘%%’ and extending to the end of the input -file, is included verbatim into the generated output file. Naturally, -it is your responsibility to ensure that the code contained in this -section is valid C. - -

    - - -

    4.1.4 Where to place directives for GNU indent.

    - -

    -If you want to invoke GNU indent on a gperf input file, -you will see that GNU indent doesn't understand the ‘%%’, -‘%{’ and ‘%}’ directives that control gperf's -interpretation of the input file. Therefore you have to insert some -directives for GNU indent. More precisely, assuming the most -general input file structure - -

    - -
    -declarations part 1
-%{
-verbatim code
-%}
-declarations part 2
-%%
-keywords
-%%
-functions
-
    - -

    -you would insert ‘*INDENT-OFF*’ and ‘*INDENT-ON*’ comments -as follows: - -

    - -
    -/* *INDENT-OFF* */
-declarations part 1
-%{
-/* *INDENT-ON* */
-verbatim code
-/* *INDENT-OFF* */
-%}
-declarations part 2
-%%
-keywords
-%%
-/* *INDENT-ON* */
-functions
-
    - - - -

    4.2 Output Format for Generated C Code with gperf

    -

    - - -

    -

    -Several options control how the generated C code appears on the standard -output. Two C functions are generated. They are called hash and -in_word_set, although you may modify their names with a command-line -option. Both functions require two arguments, a string, char * -str, and a length parameter, int len. Their default -function prototypes are as follows: - -

    -

    -

    -
    Function: unsigned int hash (const char * str, unsigned int len) -
    -By default, the generated hash function returns an integer value -created by adding len to several user-specified str byte -positions indexed into an associated values table stored in a -local static array. The associated values table is constructed -internally by gperf and later output as a static local C array -called ‘hash_table’. The relevant selected positions (i.e. indices -into str) are specified via the ‘-k’ option when running -gperf, as detailed in the Options section below (see section 5 Invoking gperf). -
    - -

    -

    -

    -
    Function: in_word_set (const char * str, unsigned int len) -
    -If str is in the keyword set, returns a pointer to that -keyword. More exactly, if the option ‘-t’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) was given, it returns -a pointer to the matching keyword's structure. Otherwise it returns -NULL. -
    - -

    -

    -If the option ‘-c’ (or, equivalently, the ‘%compare-strncmp’ -declaration) is not used, str must be a NUL terminated -string of exactly length len. If ‘-c’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%compare-strncmp’ declaration) is used, str must -simply be an array of len bytes and does not need to be NUL -terminated. - -

    -

    -The code generated for these two functions is affected by the following -options: - -

    -
    - -
    ‘-t’ -
    -
    ‘--struct-type’ -
    -Make use of the user-defined struct. - -
    ‘-S total-switch-statements’ -
    -
    ‘--switch=total-switch-statements’ -
    - -Generate 1 or more C switch statement rather than use a large, -(and potentially sparse) static array. Although the exact time and -space savings of this approach vary according to your C compiler's -degree of optimization, this method often results in smaller and faster -code. -
    - -

    -If the ‘-t’ and ‘-S’ options (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ and ‘%switch’ declarations) are omitted, the default -action -is to generate a char * array containing the keywords, together with -additional empty strings used for padding the array. By experimenting -with the various input and output options, and timing the resulting C -code, you can determine the best option choices for different keyword -set characteristics. - -

    - - -

    4.3 Use of NUL bytes

    -

    - - -

    -

    -By default, the code generated by gperf operates on zero -terminated strings, the usual representation of strings in C. This means -that the keywords in the input file must not contain NUL bytes, -and the str argument passed to hash or in_word_set -must be NUL terminated and have exactly length len. - -

    -

    -If option ‘-c’ (or, equivalently, the ‘%compare-strncmp’ -declaration) is used, then the str argument does not need -to be NUL terminated. The code generated by gperf will only -access the first len, not len+1, bytes starting at str. -However, the keywords in the input file still must not contain NUL -bytes. - -

    -

    -If option ‘-l’ (or, equivalently, the ‘%compare-lengths’ -declaration) is used, then the hash table performs binary -comparison. The keywords in the input file may contain NUL bytes, -written in string syntax as \000 or \x00, and the code -generated by gperf will treat NUL like any other byte. -Also, in this case the ‘-c’ option (or, equivalently, the -‘%compare-strncmp’ declaration) is ignored. - -

    - - -

    4.4 The Copyright of the Output

    -

    - - -

    -

    -gperf is under GPL, but that does not cause the output produced -by gperf to be under GPL. The reason is that the output contains -only small pieces of text that come directly from gperf's source -code -- only about 7 lines long, too small for being significant --, and -therefore the output is not a “work based on gperf” (in the -sense of the GPL version 3). - -

    -

    -On the other hand, the output produced by gperf contains -essentially all of the input file. Therefore the output is a -“derivative work” of the input (in the sense of U.S. copyright law); -and its copyright status depends on the copyright of the input. For most -software licenses, the result is that the the output is under the same -license, with the same copyright holder, as the input that was passed to -gperf. - -

    -

    -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. - - diff --git a/doc/gperf_6.html b/doc/gperf_6.html deleted file mode 100644 index 92743c6..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_6.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,502 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Perfect Hash Function Generator - 5 Invoking gperf - - -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. -

    - - -

    5 Invoking gperf

    - -

    -There are many options to gperf. They were added to make -the program more convenient for use with real applications. “On-line” -help is readily available via the ‘--help’ option. Here is the -complete list of options. - -

    - - - -

    5.1 Specifying the Location of the Output File

    - -
    - -
    ‘--output-file=file’ -
    -Allows you to specify the name of the file to which the output is written to. -
    - -

    -The results are written to standard output if no output file is specified -or if it is ‘-’. - -

    - - -

    5.2 Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File

    - -

    -These options are also available as declarations in the input file -(see section 4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations). - -

    -
    - -
    ‘-e keyword-delimiter-list’ -
    -
    ‘--delimiters=keyword-delimiter-list’ -
    - -Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to -separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This -option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded -commas or newlines. One useful trick is to use -e'TAB', where TAB is -the literal tab character. - -
    ‘-t’ -
    -
    ‘--struct-type’ -
    -Allows you to include a struct type declaration for generated -code. Any text before a pair of consecutive ‘%%’ is considered -part of the type declaration. Keywords and additional fields may follow -this, one group of fields per line. A set of examples for generating -perfect hash tables and functions for Ada, C, C++, Pascal, Modula 2, -Modula 3 and JavaScript reserved words are distributed with this release. - -
    ‘--ignore-case’ -
    -Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The string -comparison will use a case insignificant character comparison. Note that -locale dependent case mappings are ignored. This option is therefore not -suitable if a properly internationalized or locale aware case mapping -should be used. (For example, in a Turkish locale, the upper case equivalent -of the lowercase ASCII letter ‘i’ is the non-ASCII character -‘capital i with dot above’.) For this case, it is better to apply -an uppercase or lowercase conversion on the string before passing it to -the gperf generated function. -
    - - - -

    5.3 Options to specify the Language for the Output Code

    - -

    -These options are also available as declarations in the input file -(see section 4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations). - -

    -
    - -
    ‘-L generated-language-name’ -
    -
    ‘--language=generated-language-name’ -
    -Instructs gperf to generate code in the language specified by the -option's argument. Languages handled are currently: - -
    - -
    ‘KR-C’ -
    -Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C compilers and -ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag warnings (or even errors) -because of lacking ‘const’. - -
    ‘C’ -
    -Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, and also by -old-style C compilers, provided that you #define const to empty -for compilers which don't know about this keyword. - -
    ‘ANSI-C’ -
    -ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers and C++ compilers. - -
    ‘C++’ -
    -C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers. -
    - -The default is ANSI-C. - -
    ‘-a’ -
    -This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of -gperf. It does not do anything. - -
    ‘-g’ -
    -This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of -gperf. It does not do anything. -
    - - - -

    5.4 Options for fine tuning Details in the Output Code

    - -

    -Most of these options are also available as declarations in the input file -(see section 4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations). - -

    -
    - -
    ‘-K slot-name’ -
    -
    ‘--slot-name=slot-name’ -
    - -This option is only useful when option ‘-t’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) has been given. -By default, the program assumes the structure component identifier for -the keyword is ‘name’. This option allows an arbitrary choice of -identifier for this component, although it still must occur as the first -field in your supplied struct. - -
    ‘-F initializers’ -
    -
    ‘--initializer-suffix=initializers’ -
    - -This option is only useful when option ‘-t’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) has been given. -It permits to specify initializers for the structure members following -slot-name in empty hash table entries. The list of initializers -should start with a comma. By default, the emitted code will -zero-initialize structure members following slot-name. - -
    ‘-H hash-function-name’ -
    -
    ‘--hash-function-name=hash-function-name’ -
    -Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. Default -name is ‘hash’. This option permits the use of two hash tables in -the same file. - -
    ‘-N lookup-function-name’ -
    -
    ‘--lookup-function-name=lookup-function-name’ -
    -Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function. -Default name is ‘in_word_set’. This option permits multiple -generated hash functions to be used in the same application. - -
    ‘-Z class-name’ -
    -
    ‘--class-name=class-name’ -
    - -This option is only useful when option ‘-L C++’ (or, equivalently, -the ‘%language=C++’ declaration) has been given. It -allows you to specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is -Perfect_Hash. - -
    ‘-7’ -
    -
    ‘--seven-bit’ -
    -This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as arguments -to the generated hash function and the generated lookup function will -solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in the range 0..127). -(Note that the ANSI C functions isalnum and isgraph do -not guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only an explicit -test like ‘c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'’ guarantees this.) This was the -default in versions of gperf earlier than 2.7; now the default is -to support 8-bit and multibyte characters. - -
    ‘-l’ -
    -
    ‘--compare-lengths’ -
    -Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This option -is mandatory for binary comparisons (see section 4.3 Use of NUL bytes). It also might -cut down on the number of string comparisons made during the lookup, since -keywords with different lengths are never compared via strcmp. -However, using ‘-l’ might greatly increase the size of the -generated C code if the lookup table range is large (which implies that -the switch option ‘-S’ or ‘%switch’ is not enabled), since the length -table contains as many elements as there are entries in the lookup table. - -
    ‘-c’ -
    -
    ‘--compare-strncmp’ -
    -Generates C code that uses the strncmp function to perform -string comparisons. The default action is to use strcmp. - -
    ‘-C’ -
    -
    ‘--readonly-tables’ -
    -Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e., -“readonly”. Many compilers can generate more efficient code for this -by putting the tables in readonly memory. - -
    ‘-E’ -
    -
    ‘--enum’ -
    -Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function rather -than with #defines. This also means that different lookup functions can -reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark <jjc@ai.mit.edu>. - -
    ‘-I’ -
    -
    ‘--includes’ -
    -Include the necessary system include file, <string.h>, at the -beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must -include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code. - -
    ‘-G’ -
    -
    ‘--global-table’ -
    -Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable, -rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the -default behavior). - -
    ‘-P’ -
    -
    ‘--pic’ -
    -Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. This -reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code. If the option ‘-t’ (or, equivalently, the -‘%struct-type’ declaration) is also given, the first field of the -user-defined struct must be of type ‘int’, not ‘char *’, because -it will contain offsets into the string pool instead of actual strings. -To convert such an offset to a string, you can use the expression -‘stringpool + o’, where o is the offset. The string pool -name can be changed through the option ‘--string-pool-name’. - -
    ‘-Q string-pool-name’ -
    -
    ‘--string-pool-name=string-pool-name’ -
    -Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool created by -option ‘-P’. The default name is ‘stringpool’. This option -permits the use of two hash tables in the same file, with ‘-P’ and -even when the option ‘-G’ (or, equivalently, the ‘%global-table’ -declaration) is given. - -
    ‘--null-strings’ -
    -Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table entries. -This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code (but not as much as option ‘-P’), at the expense -of one more test-and-branch instruction at run time. - -
    ‘-W hash-table-array-name’ -
    -
    ‘--word-array-name=hash-table-array-name’ -
    - -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -hash table. Default name is ‘wordlist’. This option permits the -use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option ‘-G’ -(or, equivalently, the ‘%global-table’ declaration) is given. - -
    ‘--length-table-name=length-table-array-name’ -
    - -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -length table. Default name is ‘lengthtable’. This option permits the -use of two length tables in the same file, even when the option ‘-G’ -(or, equivalently, the ‘%global-table’ declaration) is given. - -
    ‘-S total-switch-statements’ -
    -
    ‘--switch=total-switch-statements’ -
    - -Causes the generated C code to use a switch statement scheme, -rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction in both -time and space requirements for some input files. The argument to this -option determines how many switch statements are generated. A -value of 1 generates 1 switch containing all the elements, a -value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the elements in each -switch, etc. This is useful since many C compilers cannot -correctly generate code for large switch statements. This option -was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's original C program. - -
    ‘-T’ -
    -
    ‘--omit-struct-type’ -
    -Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. Use -this option if the type is already defined elsewhere. - -
    ‘-p’ -
    -This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of -gperf. It does not do anything. -
    - - - -

    5.5 Options for changing the Algorithms employed by gperf

    - -
    - -
    ‘-k selected-byte-positions’ -
    -
    ‘--key-positions=selected-byte-positions’ -
    -Allows selection of the byte positions used in the keywords' -hash function. The allowable choices range between 1-255, inclusive. -The positions are separated by commas, e.g., ‘-k 9,4,13,14’; -ranges may be used, e.g., ‘-k 2-7’; and positions may occur -in any order. Furthermore, the wildcard '*' causes the generated -hash function to consider all byte positions in each keyword, -whereas '$' instructs the hash function to use the “final byte” -of a keyword (this is the only way to use a byte position greater than -255, incidentally). - -For instance, the option ‘-k 1,2,4,6-10,'$'’ generates a hash -function that considers positions 1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10, plus the last -byte in each keyword (which may be at a different position for each -keyword, obviously). Keywords -with length less than the indicated byte positions work properly, since -selected byte positions exceeding the keyword length are simply not -referenced in the hash function. - -This option is not normally needed since version 2.8 of gperf; -the default byte positions are computed depending on the keyword set, -through a search that minimizes the number of byte positions. - -
    ‘-D’ -
    -
    ‘--duplicates’ -
    - -Handle keywords whose selected byte sets hash to duplicate values. -Duplicate hash values can occur if a set of keywords has the same names, but -possesses different attributes, or if the selected byte positions are not well -chosen. With the -D option gperf treats all these keywords as -part of an equivalence class and generates a perfect hash function with -multiple comparisons for duplicate keywords. It is up to you to completely -disambiguate the keywords by modifying the generated C code. However, -gperf helps you out by organizing the output. - -Using this option usually means that the generated hash function is no -longer perfect. On the other hand, it permits gperf to work on -keyword sets that it otherwise could not handle. - -
    ‘-m iterations’ -
    -
    ‘--multiple-iterations=iterations’ -
    -Perform multiple choices of the ‘-i’ and ‘-j’ values, and -choose the best results. This increases the running time by a factor of -iterations but does a good job minimizing the generated table size. - -
    ‘-i initial-value’ -
    -
    ‘--initial-asso=initial-value’ -
    -Provides an initial value for the associate values array. Default -is 0. Increasing the initial value helps inflate the final table size, -possibly leading to more time efficient keyword lookups. Note that this -option is not particularly useful when ‘-S’ (or, equivalently, -‘%switch’) is used. Also, -‘-i’ is overridden when the ‘-r’ option is used. - -
    ‘-j jump-value’ -
    -
    ‘--jump=jump-value’ -
    - -Affects the “jump value”, i.e., how far to advance the associated -byte value upon collisions. Jump-value is rounded up to an -odd number, the default is 5. If the jump-value is 0 gperf -jumps by random amounts. - -
    ‘-n’ -
    -
    ‘--no-strlen’ -
    -Instructs the generator not to include the length of a keyword when -computing its hash value. This may save a few assembly instructions in -the generated lookup table. - -
    ‘-r’ -
    -
    ‘--random’ -
    -Utilizes randomness to initialize the associated values table. This -frequently generates solutions faster than using deterministic -initialization (which starts all associated values at 0). Furthermore, -using the randomization option generally increases the size of the -table. - -
    ‘-s size-multiple’ -
    -
    ‘--size-multiple=size-multiple’ -
    -Affects the size of the generated hash table. The numeric argument for -this option indicates “how many times larger or smaller” the maximum -associated value range should be, in relationship to the number of keywords. -It can be written as an integer, a floating-point number or a fraction. -For example, a value of 3 means “allow the maximum associated value to be -about 3 times larger than the number of input keywords”. -Conversely, a value of 1/3 means “allow the maximum associated value to -be about 3 times smaller than the number of input keywords”. Values -smaller than 1 are useful for limiting the overall size of the generated hash -table, though the option ‘-m’ is better at this purpose. - -If `generate switch' option ‘-S’ (or, equivalently, ‘%switch’) is -not enabled, the maximum -associated value influences the static array table size, and a larger -table should decrease the time required for an unsuccessful search, at -the expense of extra table space. - -The default value is 1, thus the default maximum associated value about -the same size as the number of keywords (for efficiency, the maximum -associated value is always rounded up to a power of 2). The actual -table size may vary somewhat, since this technique is essentially a -heuristic. -
    - - - -

    5.6 Informative Output

    - -
    - -
    ‘-h’ -
    -
    ‘--help’ -
    -Prints a short summary on the meaning of each program option. Aborts -further program execution. - -
    ‘-v’ -
    -
    ‘--version’ -
    -Prints out the current version number. - -
    ‘-d’ -
    -
    ‘--debug’ -
    -Enables the debugging option. This produces verbose diagnostics to -“standard error” when gperf is executing. It is useful both for -maintaining the program and for determining whether a given set of -options is actually speeding up the search for a solution. Some useful -information is dumped at the end of the program when the ‘-d’ -option is enabled. -
    - -

    -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. - - diff --git a/doc/gperf_7.html b/doc/gperf_7.html deleted file mode 100644 index af5edf8..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_7.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,57 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Perfect Hash Function Generator - 6 Known Bugs and Limitations with gperf - - -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. -

    - - -

    6 Known Bugs and Limitations with gperf

    - -

    -The following are some limitations with the current release of -gperf: - -

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    • - -The gperf utility is tuned to execute quickly, and works quickly -for small to medium size data sets (around 1000 keywords). It is -extremely useful for maintaining perfect hash functions for compiler -keyword sets. Several recent enhancements now enable gperf to -work efficiently on much larger keyword sets (over 15,000 keywords). -When processing large keyword sets it helps greatly to have over 8 megs -of RAM. - -
    • - -The size of the generate static keyword array can get extremely -large if the input keyword file is large or if the keywords are quite -similar. This tends to slow down the compilation of the generated C -code, and greatly inflates the object code size. If this -situation occurs, consider using the ‘-S’ option to reduce data -size, potentially increasing keyword recognition time a negligible -amount. Since many C compilers cannot correctly generate code for -large switch statements it is important to qualify the -S option -with an appropriate numerical argument that controls the number of -switch statements generated. - -
    • - -The maximum number of selected byte positions has an -arbitrary limit of 255. This restriction should be removed, and if -anyone considers this a problem write me and let me know so I can remove -the constraint. -
    - -

    -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. - - diff --git a/doc/gperf_8.html b/doc/gperf_8.html deleted file mode 100644 index fecdb26..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_8.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,46 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Perfect Hash Function Generator - 7 Things Still Left to Do - - -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. -

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    7 Things Still Left to Do

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    -It should be “relatively” easy to replace the current perfect hash -function algorithm with a more exhaustive approach; the perfect hash -module is essential independent from other program modules. Additional -worthwhile improvements include: - -

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    • - -Another useful extension involves modifying the program to generate -“minimal” perfect hash functions (under certain circumstances, the -current version can be rather extravagant in the generated table size). -This is mostly of theoretical interest, since a sparse table -often produces faster lookups, and use of the ‘-S’ switch -option can minimize the data size, at the expense of slightly longer -lookups (note that the gcc compiler generally produces good code for -switch statements, reducing the need for more complex schemes). - -
    • - -In addition to improving the algorithm, it would also be useful to -generate an Ada package as the code output, in addition to the current -C and C++ routines. -
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    -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. - - diff --git a/doc/gperf_9.html b/doc/gperf_9.html deleted file mode 100644 index 4664479..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_9.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Perfect Hash Function Generator - 8 Bibliography - - -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. -

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    8 Bibliography

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    -[1] Chang, C.C.: A Scheme for Constructing Ordered Minimal Perfect -Hashing Functions Information Sciences 39(1986), 187-195. - -

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    -[2] Cichelli, Richard J. Author's Response to “On Cichelli's Minimal Perfect Hash -Functions Method” Communications of the ACM, 23, 12(December 1980), 729. - -

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    -[3] Cichelli, Richard J. Minimal Perfect Hash Functions Made Simple -Communications of the ACM, 23, 1(January 1980), 17-19. - -

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    -[4] Cook, C. R. and Oldehoeft, R.R. A Letter Oriented Minimal -Perfect Hashing Function SIGPLAN Notices, 17, 9(September 1982), 18-27. - -

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    -[5] Cormack, G. V. and Horspool, R. N. S. and Kaiserwerth, M. -Practical Perfect Hashing Computer Journal, 28, 1(January 1985), 54-58. - -

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    -[6] Jaeschke, G. Reciprocal Hashing: A Method for Generating Minimal -Perfect Hashing Functions Communications of the ACM, 24, 12(December -1981), 829-833. - -

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    -[7] Jaeschke, G. and Osterburg, G. On Cichelli's Minimal Perfect -Hash Functions Method Communications of the ACM, 23, 12(December 1980), -728-729. - -

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    -[8] Sager, Thomas J. A Polynomial Time Generator for Minimal Perfect -Hash Functions Communications of the ACM, 28, 5(December 1985), 523-532 - -

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    -[9] Schmidt, Douglas C. GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator -Second USENIX C++ Conference Proceedings, April 1990. - -

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    -[10] Schmidt, Douglas C. GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator -C++ Report, SIGS 10 10 (November/December 1998). - -

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    -[11] Sebesta, R.W. and Taylor, M.A. Minimal Perfect Hash Functions -for Reserved Word Lists SIGPLAN Notices, 20, 12(September 1985), 47-53. - -

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    -[12] Sprugnoli, R. Perfect Hashing Functions: A Single Probe -Retrieving Method for Static Sets Communications of the ACM, 20 -11(November 1977), 841-850. - -

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    -[13] Stallman, Richard M. Using and Porting GNU CC Free Software Foundation, -1988. - -

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    -[14] Stroustrup, Bjarne The C++ Programming Language. Addison-Wesley, 1986. - -

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    -[15] Tiemann, Michael D. User's Guide to GNU C++ Free Software -Foundation, 1989. - -

    -

    -Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents. - - diff --git a/doc/gperf_toc.html b/doc/gperf_toc.html deleted file mode 100644 index 3f09a68..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_toc.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ - - - - - -Perfect Hash Function Generator - Table of Contents - - -

    User's Guide to gperf 3.1

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    The GNU Perfect Hash Function Generator

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    Edition 3.1, 20 December 2009

    -
    Douglas C. Schmidt
    -
    Bruno Haible
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    -This document was generated on 20 December 2009 using the -texi2html -translator version 1.52b.

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