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494 lines
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<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.51
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from gperf.texi on 7 May 2003 -->
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<TITLE>Perfect Hash Function Generator - 4 Invoking gperf</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_5.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_7.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>.
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<P><HR><P>
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<H1><A NAME="SEC18" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC18">4 Invoking <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H1>
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<P>
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There are <EM>many</EM> options to <CODE>gperf</CODE>. They were added to make
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the program more convenient for use with real applications. "On-line"
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help is readily available via the <SAMP>`--help'</SAMP> option. Here is the
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complete list of options.
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</P>
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<H2><A NAME="SEC19" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC19">4.1 Specifying the Location of the Output File</A></H2>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT><SAMP>`--output-file=<VAR>file</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Allows you to specify the name of the file to which the output is written to.
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</DL>
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<P>
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The results are written to standard output if no output file is specified
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or if it is <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>.
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</P>
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<H2><A NAME="SEC20" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC20">4.2 Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File</A></H2>
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<P>
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These options are also available as declarations in the input file
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(see section <A HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC11">3.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A>).
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</P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT><SAMP>`-e <VAR>keyword-delimiter-list</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--delimiters=<VAR>keyword-delimiter-list</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<A NAME="IDX38"></A>
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Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to
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separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This
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option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded
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commas or newlines. One useful trick is to use -e'TAB', where TAB is
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the literal tab character.
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<DT><SAMP>`-t'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--struct-type'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Allows you to include a <CODE>struct</CODE> type declaration for generated
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code. Any text before a pair of consecutive <SAMP>`%%'</SAMP> is considered
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part of the type declaration. Keywords and additional fields may follow
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this, one group of fields per line. A set of examples for generating
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perfect hash tables and functions for Ada, C, C++, Pascal, Modula 2,
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Modula 3 and JavaScript reserved words are distributed with this release.
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<DT><SAMP>`--ignore-case'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The string
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comparison will use a case insignificant character comparison. Note that
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locale dependent case mappings are ignored. This option is therefore not
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suitable if a properly internationalized or locale aware case mapping
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should be used. (For example, in a Turkish locale, the upper case equivalent
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of the lowercase ASCII letter <SAMP>`i'</SAMP> is the non-ASCII character
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<SAMP>`capital i with dot above'</SAMP>.) For this case, it is better to apply
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an uppercase or lowercase conversion on the string before passing it to
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the <CODE>gperf</CODE> generated function.
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</DL>
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<H2><A NAME="SEC21" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC21">4.3 Options to specify the Language for the Output Code</A></H2>
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<P>
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These options are also available as declarations in the input file
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(see section <A HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC11">3.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A>).
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</P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT><SAMP>`-L <VAR>generated-language-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--language=<VAR>generated-language-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Instructs <CODE>gperf</CODE> to generate code in the language specified by the
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option's argument. Languages handled are currently:
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT><SAMP>`KR-C'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C compilers and
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ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag warnings (or even errors)
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because of lacking <SAMP>`const'</SAMP>.
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<DT><SAMP>`C'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, and also by
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old-style C compilers, provided that you <CODE>#define const</CODE> to empty
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for compilers which don't know about this keyword.
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<DT><SAMP>`ANSI-C'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers and C++ compilers.
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<DT><SAMP>`C++'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers.
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</DL>
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The default is C.
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<DT><SAMP>`-a'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of
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<CODE>gperf</CODE>. It does not do anything.
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<DT><SAMP>`-g'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of
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<CODE>gperf</CODE>. It does not do anything.
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</DL>
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<H2><A NAME="SEC22" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC22">4.4 Options for fine tuning Details in the Output Code</A></H2>
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<P>
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Most of these options are also available as declarations in the input file
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(see section <A HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC11">3.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A>).
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</P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT><SAMP>`-K <VAR>slot-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--slot-name=<VAR>slot-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<A NAME="IDX39"></A>
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This option is only useful when option <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the
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<SAMP>`%struct-type'</SAMP> declaration) has been given.
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By default, the program assumes the structure component identifier for
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the keyword is <SAMP>`name'</SAMP>. This option allows an arbitrary choice of
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identifier for this component, although it still must occur as the first
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field in your supplied <CODE>struct</CODE>.
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<DT><SAMP>`-F <VAR>initializers</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--initializer-suffix=<VAR>initializers</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<A NAME="IDX40"></A>
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This option is only useful when option <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the
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<SAMP>`%struct-type'</SAMP> declaration) has been given.
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It permits to specify initializers for the structure members following
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<VAR>slot-name</VAR> in empty hash table entries. The list of initializers
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should start with a comma. By default, the emitted code will
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zero-initialize structure members following <VAR>slot-name</VAR>.
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<DT><SAMP>`-H <VAR>hash-function-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--hash-function-name=<VAR>hash-function-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. Default
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name is <SAMP>`hash'</SAMP>. This option permits the use of two hash tables in
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the same file.
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<DT><SAMP>`-N <VAR>lookup-function-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--lookup-function-name=<VAR>lookup-function-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function.
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Default name is <SAMP>`in_word_set'</SAMP>. This option permits multiple
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generated hash functions to be used in the same application.
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<DT><SAMP>`-Z <VAR>class-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--class-name=<VAR>class-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<A NAME="IDX41"></A>
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This option is only useful when option <SAMP>`-L C++'</SAMP> (or, equivalently,
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the <SAMP>`%language=C++'</SAMP> declaration) has been given. It
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allows you to specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is
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<CODE>Perfect_Hash</CODE>.
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<DT><SAMP>`-7'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--seven-bit'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as arguments
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to the generated hash function and the generated lookup function will
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solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in the range 0..127).
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(Note that the ANSI C functions <CODE>isalnum</CODE> and <CODE>isgraph</CODE> do
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<EM>not</EM> guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only an explicit
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test like <SAMP>`c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z''</SAMP> guarantees this.) This was the
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default in versions of <CODE>gperf</CODE> earlier than 2.7; now the default is
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to support 8-bit and multibyte characters.
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<DT><SAMP>`-l'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--compare-lengths'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This option
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is mandatory for binary comparisons (see section <A HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC17">3.3 Use of NUL bytes</A>). It also might
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cut down on the number of string comparisons made during the lookup, since
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keywords with different lengths are never compared via <CODE>strcmp</CODE>.
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However, using <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> might greatly increase the size of the
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generated C code if the lookup table range is large (which implies that
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the switch option <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`%switch'</SAMP> is not enabled), since the length
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table contains as many elements as there are entries in the lookup table.
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<DT><SAMP>`-c'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--compare-strncmp'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Generates C code that uses the <CODE>strncmp</CODE> function to perform
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string comparisons. The default action is to use <CODE>strcmp</CODE>.
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<DT><SAMP>`-C'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--readonly-tables'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e.,
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"readonly". Many compilers can generate more efficient code for this
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by putting the tables in readonly memory.
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<DT><SAMP>`-E'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--enum'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function rather
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than with #defines. This also means that different lookup functions can
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reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark <CODE><jjc@ai.mit.edu></CODE>.
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<DT><SAMP>`-I'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--includes'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Include the necessary system include file, <CODE><string.h></CODE>, at the
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beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must
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include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code.
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<DT><SAMP>`-G'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--global-table'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable,
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rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the
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default behavior).
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<DT><SAMP>`-P'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--pic'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. This
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reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing
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the generated code. If the option <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the
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<SAMP>`%struct-type'</SAMP> declaration) is also given, the first field of the
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user-defined struct must be of type <SAMP>`int'</SAMP>, not <SAMP>`char *'</SAMP>, because
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it will contain offsets into the string pool instead of actual strings.
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To convert such an offset to a string, you can use the expression
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<SAMP>`stringpool + <VAR>o</VAR>'</SAMP>, where <VAR>o</VAR> is the offset. The string pool
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name can be changed through the option <SAMP>`--string-pool-name'</SAMP>.
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<DT><SAMP>`-Q <VAR>string-pool-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--string-pool-name=<VAR>string-pool-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool created by
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option <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP>. The default name is <SAMP>`stringpool'</SAMP>. This option
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permits the use of two hash tables in the same file, with <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> and
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even when the option <SAMP>`-G'</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>`%global-table'</SAMP>
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declaration) is given.
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<DT><SAMP>`--null-strings'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table entries.
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This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing
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the generated code (but not as much as option <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP>), at the expense
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of one more test-and-branch instruction at run time.
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<DT><SAMP>`-W <VAR>hash-table-array-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--word-array-name=<VAR>hash-table-array-name</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<A NAME="IDX42"></A>
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Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the
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hash table. Default name is <SAMP>`wordlist'</SAMP>. This option permits the
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use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option <SAMP>`-G'</SAMP>
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(or, equivalently, the <SAMP>`%global-table'</SAMP> declaration) is given.
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<DT><SAMP>`-S <VAR>total-switch-statements</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--switch=<VAR>total-switch-statements</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<A NAME="IDX43"></A>
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Causes the generated C code to use a <CODE>switch</CODE> statement scheme,
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rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction in both
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time and space requirements for some input files. The argument to this
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option determines how many <CODE>switch</CODE> statements are generated. A
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value of 1 generates 1 <CODE>switch</CODE> containing all the elements, a
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value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the elements in each
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<CODE>switch</CODE>, etc. This is useful since many C compilers cannot
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correctly generate code for large <CODE>switch</CODE> statements. This option
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was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's original C program.
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<DT><SAMP>`-T'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--omit-struct-type'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. Use
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this option if the type is already defined elsewhere.
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<DT><SAMP>`-p'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of
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<CODE>gperf</CODE>. It does not do anything.
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</DL>
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<H2><A NAME="SEC23" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC23">4.5 Options for changing the Algorithms employed by <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H2>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT><SAMP>`-k <VAR>selected-byte-positions</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--key-positions=<VAR>selected-byte-positions</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Allows selection of the byte positions used in the keywords'
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hash function. The allowable choices range between 1-255, inclusive.
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The positions are separated by commas, e.g., <SAMP>`-k 9,4,13,14'</SAMP>;
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ranges may be used, e.g., <SAMP>`-k 2-7'</SAMP>; and positions may occur
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in any order. Furthermore, the wildcard '*' causes the generated
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hash function to consider <STRONG>all</STRONG> byte positions in each keyword,
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whereas '$' instructs the hash function to use the "final byte"
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of a keyword (this is the only way to use a byte position greater than
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255, incidentally).
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For instance, the option <SAMP>`-k 1,2,4,6-10,'$''</SAMP> generates a hash
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function that considers positions 1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10, plus the last
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byte in each keyword (which may be at a different position for each
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keyword, obviously). Keywords
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with length less than the indicated byte positions work properly, since
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selected byte positions exceeding the keyword length are simply not
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referenced in the hash function.
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This option is not normally needed since version 2.8 of <CODE>gperf</CODE>;
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the default byte positions are computed depending on the keyword set,
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through a search that minimizes the number of byte positions.
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<DT><SAMP>`-D'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--duplicates'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<A NAME="IDX44"></A>
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Handle keywords whose selected byte sets hash to duplicate values.
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Duplicate hash values can occur if a set of keywords has the same names, but
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possesses different attributes, or if the selected byte positions are not well
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chosen. With the -D option <CODE>gperf</CODE> treats all these keywords as
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part of an equivalence class and generates a perfect hash function with
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multiple comparisons for duplicate keywords. It is up to you to completely
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disambiguate the keywords by modifying the generated C code. However,
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<CODE>gperf</CODE> helps you out by organizing the output.
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Using this option usually means that the generated hash function is no
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longer perfect. On the other hand, it permits <CODE>gperf</CODE> to work on
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keyword sets that it otherwise could not handle.
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<DT><SAMP>`-m <VAR>iterations</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--multiple-iterations=<VAR>iterations</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Perform multiple choices of the <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-j'</SAMP> values, and
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choose the best results. This increases the running time by a factor of
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<VAR>iterations</VAR> but does a good job minimizing the generated table size.
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<DT><SAMP>`-i <VAR>initial-value</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--initial-asso=<VAR>initial-value</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Provides an initial <VAR>value</VAR> for the associate values array. Default
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is 0. Increasing the initial value helps inflate the final table size,
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possibly leading to more time efficient keyword lookups. Note that this
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option is not particularly useful when <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP> (or, equivalently,
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<SAMP>`%switch'</SAMP>) is used. Also,
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<SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> is overridden when the <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option is used.
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<DT><SAMP>`-j <VAR>jump-value</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--jump=<VAR>jump-value</VAR>'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<A NAME="IDX45"></A>
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Affects the "jump value", i.e., how far to advance the associated
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byte value upon collisions. <VAR>Jump-value</VAR> is rounded up to an
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odd number, the default is 5. If the <VAR>jump-value</VAR> is 0 <CODE>gperf</CODE>
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jumps by random amounts.
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<DT><SAMP>`-n'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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<DT><SAMP>`--no-strlen'</SAMP>
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<DD>
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Instructs the generator not to include the length of a keyword when
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computing its hash value. This may save a few assembly instructions in
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the generated lookup table.
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<DT><SAMP>`-r'</SAMP>
|
|
<DD>
|
|
<DT><SAMP>`--random'</SAMP>
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Utilizes randomness to initialize the associated values table. This
|
|
frequently generates solutions faster than using deterministic
|
|
initialization (which starts all associated values at 0). Furthermore,
|
|
using the randomization option generally increases the size of the
|
|
table.
|
|
|
|
<DT><SAMP>`-s <VAR>size-multiple</VAR>'</SAMP>
|
|
<DD>
|
|
<DT><SAMP>`--size-multiple=<VAR>size-multiple</VAR>'</SAMP>
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Affects the size of the generated hash table. The numeric argument for
|
|
this option indicates "how many times larger or smaller" the maximum
|
|
associated value range should be, in relationship to the number of keywords.
|
|
It can be written as an integer, a floating-point number or a fraction.
|
|
For example, a value of 3 means "allow the maximum associated value to be
|
|
about 3 times larger than the number of input keywords".
|
|
Conversely, a value of 1/3 means "allow the maximum associated value to
|
|
be about 3 times smaller than the number of input keywords". Values
|
|
smaller than 1 are useful for limiting the overall size of the generated hash
|
|
table, though the option <SAMP>`-m'</SAMP> is better at this purpose.
|
|
|
|
If `generate switch' option <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP> (or, equivalently, <SAMP>`%switch'</SAMP>) is
|
|
<EM>not</EM> enabled, the maximum
|
|
associated value influences the static array table size, and a larger
|
|
table should decrease the time required for an unsuccessful search, at
|
|
the expense of extra table space.
|
|
|
|
The default value is 1, thus the default maximum associated value about
|
|
the same size as the number of keywords (for efficiency, the maximum
|
|
associated value is always rounded up to a power of 2). The actual
|
|
table size may vary somewhat, since this technique is essentially a
|
|
heuristic.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H2><A NAME="SEC24" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC24">4.6 Informative Output</A></H2>
|
|
|
|
<DL COMPACT>
|
|
|
|
<DT><SAMP>`-h'</SAMP>
|
|
<DD>
|
|
<DT><SAMP>`--help'</SAMP>
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Prints a short summary on the meaning of each program option. Aborts
|
|
further program execution.
|
|
|
|
<DT><SAMP>`-v'</SAMP>
|
|
<DD>
|
|
<DT><SAMP>`--version'</SAMP>
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Prints out the current version number.
|
|
|
|
<DT><SAMP>`-d'</SAMP>
|
|
<DD>
|
|
<DT><SAMP>`--debug'</SAMP>
|
|
<DD>
|
|
Enables the debugging option. This produces verbose diagnostics to
|
|
"standard error" when <CODE>gperf</CODE> is executing. It is useful both for
|
|
maintaining the program and for determining whether a given set of
|
|
options is actually speeding up the search for a solution. Some useful
|
|
information is dumped at the end of the program when the <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP>
|
|
option is enabled.
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<P><HR><P>
|
|
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